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Ave Maria University

Ave Maria University (AMU) is a private Catholic university in Ave Maria, Florida. It existed formerly as Ave Maria College in Ypsilanti, Michigan, which was founded in 1998 and reestablished in 2007 along with an interim Naples, Florida campus (first named Ave Maria University) created in 2003.[4][5] The school was founded by philanthropist and entrepreneur, Tom Monaghan. In 2021, the enrollment was 1,245 students.[6] In 2016 its student body was 80% Catholic.[7]

Ave Maria University
Former names
Ave Maria College (1999–2003)
MottoEx Corde Ecclesiae (Latin)
Veritatis Splendor (Latin)
Motto in English
From the Heart of the Church
The Splendor of Truth
TypePrivate university
EstablishedCollege: 1998;
26 years ago (1998)
University: 2003;
21 years ago (2003)[1]
Religious affiliation
Catholic
Academic affiliations
ACCU
ICUF
CIC[2]
ChancellorTom Monaghan
PresidentMark Middendorf
ProvostRoger Nutt
Academic staff
107 (2022)[3]
Students1,311 (2022)[3]
Location
Ave Maria
,
Florida
,
United States
CampusRural, 1,000 acres (4.0 km2)
Colors   
Tanzanite Blue & Gold (academics)
   
Navy Blue & Kelly Green (athletics)
NicknameGyrenes
Sporting affiliations
NAIA – The Sun
Websitewww.avemaria.edu

History

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Ave Maria College

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Ave Maria College was founded by Catholic philanthropist and former Domino's Pizza owner and founder Tom Monaghan on March 19, 1998, occupying two former elementary school buildings in Ypsilanti, Michigan, near the campus of Eastern Michigan University.[8]

Monaghan's goal was to create a Catholic university faithful to the magisterium of the Catholic Church, providing a liberal arts education in a Catholic environment. He originally intended to construct a full college campus on his 280-acre (1.1 km2) property in nearby Ann Arbor, known as Domino's Farms.[8] The plan for the Ann Arbor campus also included a 25-story crucifix, which was never built.[8]

Interim Naples campus

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After being denied zoning approval by Ann Arbor Township to build a larger campus near Domino's Farms, Monaghan decided to move the college to Florida. Monaghan initiated the founding of the Florida institution Ave Maria University with a donation of $250 million.[9][10] In August 2003, the university opened an interim campus in The Vineyards in Naples, Florida, enrolling some 100 undergraduate students, 75 of whom were freshmen.[9] While occupying the interim campus, Monaghan focused efforts on constructing a new campus and planned community nearby known as Ave Maria, Florida. The Barron Collier family donated the land in southwest Florida for the campus, joining Monaghan in the enterprise as 50% partner.[citation needed]

While the infrastructure of the new campus and town were being completed in early 2007, the Ypsilanti campus was also closing at the end of the 2006–2007 academic year. Monaghan planned to have most of the staff transferred to the Florida location. The Michigan location remained open until students graduated or transferred, leaving just three students for the final year and a number of the remaining staff.[11]

Ave Maria campus

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The university moved from the temporary facility to the new campus in 2007.[12] In its first year at the new campus, the university enrolled about 450 undergraduates and 150 graduate students. Bishop Frank Dewane, the local Catholic ordinary, formally dedicated the university in 2008.[13]

In March 2007, the original provost of the university, Fr. Joseph Fessio, S.J., was dismissed by Monaghan for undisclosed reasons.[14] In a formal statement, Monaghan, in his role as chancellor, stated that the dismissal was because of "irreconcilable differences over administrative policies and practices."[15] Immediately, the school's first-ever student protests were mounted in support of Fessio.[16] Outside observers were critical: editor Philip F. Lawler of the conservative Catholic World News said the firing was "institutional suicide", and that if a respected theologian such as Fessio could be fired then no others would want to fill the position.[16] Monaghan reinstated Fessio the next day as theologian-in-residence. He was dismissed from that position in 2009, stating he was fired the second time because of a conversation he had with Academic Vice President Jack Sites about administrative policies harming the university's finances.[17][18] He said his firing was "another mistake in a long series of unwise decisions" but that he would continue to guide students to AMU.[18]

Monaghan planned to continue to expand the university and hoped to one day have an enrollment over 5,000, Division I athletics and an academic reputation as "a Catholic Ivy", however as of 2024, only has about 20 percent of this goal.[12] The university's growth has fallen short of its stated goal of "growing the University's undergraduate enrollment at its main campus in Florida to approximately 1,700 students by the fall of 2016"[19] and 1,500 by the year 2020.[20][21]

In 2011, James Towey, former Director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives and former President of Saint Vincent College, was named the president of Ave Maria University after a unanimous vote by the AMU Board of Trustees. He also assumed the role of CEO, in the place of Monaghan, who remains the Chancellor.[22]

The 2008 financial crisis took a toll on Ave Maria's finances. Monaghan said in 2012 that Ave Maria's construction cost estimates doubled over three years, requiring the university to cut back on planned buildings. The troubled Florida real estate market also meant that Ave Maria School of Law had to shelve its plans for a building in Ave Maria, as its existing campus was worth less than was paid for it.[23] According to Towey, for a period of time the university survived through Monaghan's funding of a ten million dollar annual deficit. Towey credits his efforts at controlling financing costs, along with increased contributions, with placing the university back on a firm financial footing by 2014.[7]

In February 2012, Ave Maria made national news when it filed its lawsuit Ave Maria University v. Sebelius,[24] suing the government over the US Health and Human Services birth control mandate by claiming that it would force the university to forego its religious freedom. It became the second college to do so, and was followed by several others, including the Franciscan University of Steubenville and the University of Notre Dame. The lawsuit is represented by the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty.[25] In June 2012, President Towey wrote that the university would "vigorously prosecute its lawsuit".[26] In 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously sent the case back to federal appeals court to find a solution that would both honor religious organizations objections and provide their employees with birth control. Ave Maria administrators celebrated the decision as a "great victory."[27][28]

The university ran a satellite campus in Nicaragua called the Ave Maria University-Latin American Campus for 13 years, and then sold it to Keiser University in July 2013.[29][30][failed verification]

In 2021, it was ranked in the Top 8% (115 of 1472 colleges) in the "Best Colleges for the Money" by CollegeFactual [31]

Founder's goals

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In a May 2004 speech, Monaghan expressed his wish to have the new town and university campus be free from pre-marital sex, contraceptives and pornography.[32][33] This elicited sharply critical statements from the international press, who saw such proposed restrictions as violations of civil liberties.[34] Howard Simon, executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union branch in Florida, challenged the legality of the restriction of sales of contraceptives.[35] He said, "This is not just about the sale of contraceptives in the local pharmacy, it is about whether in an incorporated town there will be a fusion of religion and government."[36] An opinion column in The Wall Street Journal quoted an Ave Maria faculty member who called it a "Catholic Jonestown".[32] Frances Kissling of Catholics for Choice compared Monaghan's civic vision to Islamic fundamentalism, and called it "un-American".[37] In response, Monaghan announced a milder form of civic planning in which the town could mostly grow on its own, except that it would not have sex shops or strip clubs, and store owners would be asked rather than ordered not to sell contraceptives or porn. Contraception and porn would still be banned from the university.[38]

Academics

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Ave Maria University currently offers 33 undergraduate and three graduate degrees.[39][40] Graduate programs include M.A. and Ph.D. studies in theology and a Master of Theological Studies for non-traditional students.[41] Undergraduate students must complete a core curriculum of 14 required courses in philosophy, theology, composition, science, math, history, political science, and a foreign language.[42]

The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi installed Ave Maria University as its 358th chapter on October 17, 2023. [43]

In 2023 U.S. News & World Report reported that the university enrolled 1,021 undergraduate students paying an average of $28,224 for the school year 2022-2023. Faculty student ratio was 18:1. [44]

Accreditation

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In June 2010, the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) declared that Ave Maria had obtained "accredited membership" status. This allows the university to award bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees accredited by the SACS.[45] The university had previously received full accreditation from the American Academy for Liberal Education (AALE) in June 2008.[46] On October 7, 2011, the local ordinary, Bishop Frank Joseph Dewane, formally recognized the institution as a Catholic university pursuant to the code of canon law. In December 2015, The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools reaffirmed Ave Maria University's accreditation.[47]

Catholic Theology Show

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The Catholic Theology Show, a faculty podcast, began on October 22, 2022, hosted by Dr. Michael Dauphinais, chair of the Theology Department and professor of theology. The Catholic Theology Show was launched on the feast day of Saint Pope John Paul II. The pope’s apostolic constitution, Ex Corde Ecclesiae (From the Heart of the Church), set the foundations for the academic and spiritual standards for Ave Maria University.[48] Since its inception there have been fifty-seven podcasts listened to by 31,100 listeners in 86 countries. The Catholic Theology Show is available on Apple Podcasts and Spotify.[49]

Study abroad

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Main article: Ave Maria University-Latin American Campus

Ave Maria University offered study abroad programs in Gaming, Austria, and in San Marcos, Nicaragua. Instruction was conducted in English. The Austrian program required an additional $1,750 beyond regular tuition, along with the added expense of airfare and ground transportation, while the Nicaraguan program required no additional tuition. Ave Maria's Nicaraguan program was discontinued in mid-2013, with the site transferred to Keiser University to become Keiser University-Latin American Campus.[50]

Rankings

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Ave Maria University was ranked #156-201 in National Liberal Arts Colleges by U.S. News & World Report in 2022-23.[51]

Campus

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The Ave Maria Catholic Church, originally named The Oratory, is the center of the town of Ave Maria.

The new campus is located in the town of Ave Maria, Florida, 17 miles (27 km) east of Naples in rural Collier County.[52][53] The town site occupies about 5,000 acres (20 km2), of which nearly 20 percent are designated for the campus.[52] The Ave Maria Oratory, a large Gothic-inspired structure located at the center of town, was constructed by the university and currently serves as the parish church.[53] Several more master-planned communities are under construction or planned in the immediately surrounding area, north and south of the campus.[53] Managed wetlands lie north and west of the campus. Wildlife preservation and restoration projects have also been instituted on the site, to preserve a degree of its natural state.[52]

Recognition

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Ave Maria University won the 2007 'Digie Award' (Commercial Real Estate Digital Innovation Award).[54] The $24 million Oratory won the 2008 TCA Achievement Award[55] as well as an award from the American Institute of Steel Construction.[56]

Canizaro Library

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The Canizaro Library holds over 215,000 volumes and over 100 online journals. The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections houses over 10,000 volumes which includes Catholic Americana, leaves from Bibles from the 12th through the 20th century, the Oxford Movement and manuscript letters by John Henry Newman, the Michael Novak collection, and the Terri Schiavo case.[57] The second floor of the Canizaro Library houses the University Archives and the Canizaro Exhibit Gallery.[58]

Mother Teresa Museum

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Ave Maria University is home to a museum about the life and legacy of Mother Teresa, honored in 1979 with the Nobel Peace Prize. Artifacts include a piece of her sari, her crucifix and rosary, and letters from her and former Ave Maria University president, James Towey.[59] The Mother Teresa Museum contains an array of items on loan from the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta. The Missionaries of Charity also provided storyboards – in Spanish and English – that include rare photographs of Mother Teresa and tell the story of her life. [60]

Student life

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Dormitories are organized into same-sex communities. There are six dorms on campus: Sebastian, Maria Goretti, St. Joseph, Xavier, and the Mega dorm, a building which contains both John Paul II and Mother Teresa dormitories.[61] Not all dormitories are always used to house undergraduates; for example, Xavier has been used as a conference center and guest house. However, it currently serves as a girls dormitory. Opposite-sex visitors are permitted in residential common areas during the day, and in individual dorm rooms on specified evenings.[62][63]: 25 

Liturgy

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Interior of the parish church

Mass is celebrated on-campus in the Our Lady of Guadalupe Chapel and off-campus in the Ave Maria Parish Church.[64] The parish serves both the town and the university. Originally owned by the university and called the Oratory, the building was purchased in January 2017 by the Diocese of Venice, and its status was raised to parish church.[65] Chapels are located in each of the six dorms, each containing a tabernacle housing the Eucharist, and each but the Mega dorm containing an altar for Mass. Members of the clergy, who live on campus, assist in maintaining spiritual life. A perpetual adoration chapel was added to the Library in 2009.[66]

Mass on campus is offered in both the Ordinary Form as well as the Extraordinary Form.[67]

Student organizations

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Until 2022, the official news publication of Ave Maria's student body was The Daily Bulletin. Recently, the Marketing department has started sending bi-weekly event reminders to students.[68]

Campus organizations include the student activities board, student government, and more than 40 other clubs and organizations.[69] The university also offers intramural[70] and club[69] sport programs.

Athletics

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Main article: Ave Maria Gyrenes

The Ave Maria athletic teams are called the Gyrenes. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA),[71] primarily competing in the Sun Conference (formerly known as the Florida Sun Conference (FSC) until after the 2007–08 school year) since the 2009–10 academic year.[72] They are also a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA).[73] The Gyrenes previously competed as an NAIA Independent within the Association of Independent Institutions (AII) during the 2008–09 school year (when the school joined the NAIA).

Ave Maria competes in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and ultimate frisbee; basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, dance, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Former sports included men's & women's rugby.

Football

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In 2011, Ave Maria became the first college in southwestern Florida to field a football team.[74] In the spring of 2016, the Gyrenes football team joined the Mid-South Conference (MSC) as an affiliate member.[75]

Lacrosse

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The women's lacrosse team competed in the National Women's Lacrosse League (NWLL) in their first varsity season in the spring of 2015.[76]

Online Outreach

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In 2023 Ave Maria University launched a series of free online video courses titled, "The Pursuit of Wisdom." Topics include: "Stewarding the Environment," "The Genius of J.R.R. Tolkien,” “The Wisdom of C.S. Lewis," and "The Philosophy of Motherhood." [77]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ave Maria University – Best College – US News". Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  2. ^ "CIC Welcomes New Member Institutions". The Council of Independent Colleges.
  3. ^ a b Ave Maria University. "Factbook". Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  4. ^ Buzzacco-Foerster, Jenna (May 22, 2006). "Ave Maria College in Michigan to Have 3 Students Next Year". Naples News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  5. ^ "HISTORY". Ave Maria University. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
  6. ^ Ave Maria University Overview. U.S.News and World Report
  7. ^ a b Reed, Jennifer. "Ave Maria Is Finding Its Groove". Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c Cox, Jennifer (August 20, 2007). "In the beginning: Michigan town feels 'duped' by college". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  9. ^ a b "About". Ave Maria University. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  10. ^ Hansen, Susan (July 30, 2006). "Our Lady of Discord". New York Times. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  11. ^ Buzzacco-Foerster, Jenna (May 22, 2006). "Ave Maria College in Michigan to have 3 students next year". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  12. ^ a b Marklein, Mary Beth (August 1, 2007). "Catholic college crosses new ground". USA Today. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  13. ^ "Bishop dedicates Ave Maria University Oratory", Catholic Online, 2008-Apr-05. Accessed April 23, 2008
  14. ^ "Controversy Shakes Ave Maria University". Catholic World Report. 17. Ignatius Press: 211. 2007.
  15. ^ Staff (March 21, 2007). "Top Ave Maria official dismissed". Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  16. ^ a b Cooperman, Alan (March 25, 2007). "Magnate's Decisions Stir Controversy". The Washington Post: On Faith. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
  17. ^ "Ave Maria University fires Fr. Fessio again". Catholic News Agency.
  18. ^ a b Fr. Joseph Fessio, "Breaking: Fr. Joseph Fessio, S.J., dismissed from Ave Maria University", Ignatius Insight Scoop, 2009
  19. ^ "Ave Maria University Factbook". avemaria.edu. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
  20. ^ "Enrollment". Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  21. ^ Towey, Jim (April 21, 2015). "Warp Speed". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  22. ^ ""New President For Ave Maria University"". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  23. ^ Sparks, Evan (Spring 2012). "New U." Philanthropy. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  24. ^ "Complaint Ave Maria" (PDF). www.becketfund.org.
  25. ^ Presidential Statement, "Ave Maria University will continue to vigorously prosecute its lawsuit against the Federal government's attack on the University's religious liberty." Found at http://www.avemaria.edu/Portals/0/Images/Kevins'%20Images/statement%20on%20student%20insurance%20-%20may%2021%202012.pdf Archived June 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Towey, Jim (June 1, 2012). "Jim Towey: Obama administration's requirement for insurers to cover abortion-inducing drugs not only morally reprehensible, but it will drive college costs up for even more students". TC Palm. Scripps Newspaper Group. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
  27. ^ Mills, Ryan (May 17, 2016). "Ave Maria: Supreme Court decision to punt on contraceptive mandate a 'great victory'". Retrieved July 24, 2017.
  28. ^ "Ave Maria University contraceptive fight will likely be settled by Supreme Court in 2016". Naples News. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  29. ^ Macchi, Victoria (August 2, 2013). "Ave Maria sells Latin American campus due to 'significant budgetary pressures'". Naples News. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  30. ^ Sette, Patricia (September 24, 2013). "What's Up at Ave Maria: Ave Maria University celebrates reaching double digits". Collier Citizen. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  31. ^ "Ave Maria University Rankings".
  32. ^ a b Riley, Naomi Schaefer (November 11, 2005). "Bringing a Law School Down". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  33. ^ Miller, Michael E. (October 20, 2011). "Ave Maria University: A Catholic Project Gone Wrong". Miami New Times.
  34. ^ Giagnoni, Silvia (2011). Fields of Resistance: The Struggle of Florida's Farmworkers for Justice. Haymarket Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-60846-093-9.
  35. ^ "'Pizza pope' builds a Catholic heaven". The Sunday Times. London. February 26, 2006. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  36. ^ Glanton, Dahleen (April 3, 2006). "Pizza mogul uses his fortune to deliver a town to Catholics: Law forbids future Fla. community from barring birth control, porn". The Baltimore Sun. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  37. ^ Skoloff, Brian (March 2, 2006). "Fla. town being built on religion looks to ban birth control, porn". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  38. ^ Unger, Brian (March 6, 2006). "Good and Bad in Florida's Catholic City". The Unger Report. NPR. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
  39. ^ "Academics". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  40. ^ "Catholic College Undergraduate Degrees at Ave Maria University". Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  41. ^ "Majors & Programs > Graduate Programs". Ave Maria University. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  42. ^ "Ave Maria University Catalogue 2017-2018" (PDF). Ave Maria University. pp. 43–46. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  43. ^ The Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi to Install Chapter 358 at Ave Maria University UWireOctober 17, 2023.
  44. ^ U.S. News & World Report.Ave Maria University. 2023.
  45. ^ "Ave Maria earns accreditation". WINK-TV. June 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  46. ^ "Accreditation". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  47. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  48. ^ AMU Launches New Faculty Podcast.October 21, 2022.
  49. ^ AMU IS CELEBRATING ONE YEAR OF THE CATHOLIC THEOLOGY SHOW. Spot on Florida. October 27, 2023.
  50. ^ "Study Abroad". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  51. ^ "U.S. News & World Report Best College rankings Ave Maria University". U.S. News & World Report. September 12, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  52. ^ a b c "Town Overview". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  53. ^ a b c Marklein, Mary Beth (July 23, 2007). "Birth of clean town: Ave Maria". USA Today. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
  54. ^ "Ave Maria University Wins 2007 'Digie Award'". Ave Maria University. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on December 13, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  55. ^ [1] Archived June 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Dillon, Liam (June 25, 2008). "Oratory at Ave Maria receives architecture award". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  57. ^ Canazaro Library.Ave Maria University.
  58. ^ "Special Collections". Ave Maria University. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  59. ^ Rokoczy,Maria. Mother Teresa Museum and Canizaro Exhibit Gallery bring inspiration to Ave Maria. Ave Maria Sun (October 14, 2020)
  60. ^ Mother Teresa Project
  61. ^ "Residence Halls". Ave Maria University. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  62. ^ Wilson, Adam (February 19, 2016). Visitation Policies at U.S. Catholic Colleges (Report). Cardinal Newman Society. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  63. ^ Ave Maria University Student Handbook 2018–2019 (PDF). August 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  64. ^ "Schedule of Masses". avemariaparish.org. Ave Maria Catholic Church. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
  65. ^ Cardona, Alexi C. "Diocese of Venice buys Ave Maria Oratory". Naples Daily News.
  66. ^ "The residence halls are equipped with...chapels." from http://www.avemaria.edu/CampusLife/ResidenceHalls.aspx Archived July 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine; Library info from article http://www.aveherald.com/news/ave-maria-news/334-perpetual-adoration-chapel-opens-at-amu.html
  67. ^ "Mass Schedules". Ave Maria University. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
  68. ^ "The Gyrene Gazette". Ave Maria University. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  69. ^ a b "Clubs and Organizations". Ave Maria University. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  70. ^ "Intramural Sports". Ave Maria University. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  71. ^ "Schools". NAIA.ORG. NAIA. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  72. ^ "Members". Thesunconference.com. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  73. ^ "Ave Maria".
  74. ^ Wommack, Woody (February 12, 2010). "Ave Maria University hires football coach; inaugural season in 2011". Naples Daily News. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  75. ^ Wilson, Michael (February 25, 2016). "Local teams officially join Mid-South football conference". The Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  76. ^ "Members". NAIA. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
  77. ^ Howell, Sueann (2023) Ave Maria University offers free Catholic online courses The Catholic Standard. (November 29).
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