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Pāpak Fort or Babak Castle[1] (Persian: قلعه بابک), ″Ghal’eh-e Bābak″ is a large citadel on the top of a mountain in the Arasbaran forests, 50 km from Ahar, one parasang from Ardabil, 6 km southwest of Kalibar City in northwestern Iran.[2][3] According to Ibn al- Nadim, it was the stronghold of Javidhan and Babak Khorramdin, the leaders of the Khurramites in Iranian Azerbaijan who fought the Islamic caliphate of Abbassids.[1][4] The fort was conquered and ruined by Afshin′s army in 837.[5][6][7][8]
| Babak Fort | |
|---|---|
bayrag | |
| Near Kalibar City in Iran | |
 Babak Castle | |
| Type | Citadel |
Access
editThe castle is built at an altitude of 2300–2600 meters.
The surrounding Arasbaran oak forest, jagged cliffs and mountains in the distance can be seen from the castle. The last stretch to the main castle is a narrow passageway and a 200-meter corridor-shaped temple. The castle is nearly impossible to capture, due to it being high in the mountains and protected by ice and snow.[9][7]
History
editThe castle is believed to belong to the Parthian dynasty, with modifications under the Sasanid dynasty.[10][better source needed]
Khurramites in the fort
editThe movement of Khurramites in Azerbaijan was associated with Javidhan who was a landlord leader of one of the two Khurramite movements in Azerbaijan (from 807-808 to 816-817), with his headquarters being in Badd, located close to the Aras river. The leader of the other Khurramite movement was Abu Imran, who often clashed with Javidhans forces. During one of the clashes, in probably 816, Abu Imran was defeated and killed, whilst Javidhan was mortally wounded, dying three days later. Javidhan was succeeded by his apprentice Babak Khorramdin, who also married Javidhan's widow.[11][6]
Tabari records that Babak started his revolt in 816–817. In 827–828 Moḥammad b. Ḥomayd was sent to overcome Babak.
Despite several victories, his troops were defeated by Babak during the last battle at Hashtadsar in 829. Caliph Al-Ma′mun's moves against Babak had failed when he died in 833. Babak's victories over Arab generals were associated with his possession of Badd fort and the inaccessible mountain stronghold, according to Arab historians who mentioned that his influence also extended to the territories of today’s Azerbaijan Republic- "southward to near Ardabīl and Marand, eastward to the Caspian Sea and the Shamakhi district and Shervan, northward to the Mughan (Moḡān) steppe and the Aras river bank, westward to the districts of Julfa, Nakhchivan, and Marand".[12][13][11][14][15][16]
The last battle between the Arab caliphate and the Khurramites took place in the fortress of Badd on 837. The Khurramites were defeated and Afshin reached Badd. Afshin had additional forces from the Caliphate under the Arab magnate Abū Dolaf and settled in a camp six miles away from Badd fortress. He used this camp as a base for mountain attacks against Badd. After setting up siege machinery and naphtha-throwers, he was able to invade Badd. The Khurramites were defeated and after capturing the Badd fortress, Babak escaped, but was later captured and executed.[17][12][11][14][18]
Present day
editThe remaining parts of the fortress are currently known as Qaḷʿa-ye Jomhūr. It is situated 50km from Ahar on the left branch of Qarasū river. A castle and a palace on the top of a mountain remain from the Badd fort.[9]
Coin and pottery samples have been found belonging to the 13th century. Among these findings were also carved and glazed potteries, dating to the beginning of the 7th century.[19][20]
Gallery
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See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Burke, Andrew and Elliott. Mark (2008) Iran Lonely Planet, Footscray, Victoria, Australia, page 159, ISBN 978-1-74104-293-1
- ^ Scot Aghaie, Kamran; Marashi, Afshin (2014). Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292757493.
- ^ Ubaydallah Ibn Khordadbeh, Abu al-Qasim (1990). Kitab Al-Masalik wa al-Mamalik (كتاب المسالك و الممالك) Book of the Roads and Kingdoms. Dar Sader. ISBN 978-9953135458.
- ^ ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Nadīm, Muḥammad (1872). Müller, August (ed.). Kitâb al-Fihrist. F. C. W. Vogel.
- ^ "AFŠĪN – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ a b Crone, Patricia (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139510769.
- ^ a b "BĀBAK ḴORRAMI – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ Bahramian, Ali; Hirtenstein, Stephen; Gholami, Rahim (2013-12-04). "Bābak Khurram-Dīn". Encyclopaedia Islamica.
- ^ a b "BAḎḎ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ "Babak castle| babak castle Iran". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ a b c "Bābak Ḵorrami". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ a b Saeed, Nafisi (1963). Bābak-e Ḵorramdīn (second ed.). Tehran.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Azerbaijan iv. Islamic History to 1941". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ a b "Ḵorramis". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar (1951). The Reign of Al-Muʻtasim (833-842). American Oriental Society.
- ^ K̲h̲ān Najībābādī, Akbar Shāh (2001). History of Islam. Vol. 2. Darussalam. ISBN 9789960892887.
- ^ Signes Codoñer, Juan (2016). The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842: Court and Frontier in Byzantium during the Last Phase of Iconoclasm. Routledge. ISBN 9781317034278.
- ^ ibn Abī Ya‘qūb al Yaqubi, Ahmad. Tarikh Yaqubi: Islamic History Book. Urdu-Books.
- ^ @NatGeoUK (2018-10-16). "Iran: Meeting the nomads of Babak Castle". National Geographic. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
- ^ "Difficult but worthwhile ascent". Mehr News Agency. 2019-08-11. Retrieved 2020-09-11.
External links
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