The Berg Balance Scale (or BBS) is a widely used clinical test of a person's static and dynamic balance abilities,[1] named after Katherine Berg, one of the developers.[2] For functional balance tests, the BBS is generally considered to be the gold standard.[3]
| Berg Balance Scale | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | BBS |
| Purpose | test of a person's static and dynamic balance abilities |
The test takes 15–20 minutes and comprises a set of 14 simple balance related tasks, ranging from standing up from a sitting position, to standing on one foot. The degree of success in achieving each task is given a score of zero (unable) to four (independent), and the final measure is the sum of all of the scores.[4][5]
The BBS has been shown to have excellent inter-rater (ICC = 0.98) and intra-rater relative reliability (ICC = 0.97), with an absolute reliability varying between 2.8/56 and 6.6/56, with poorer reliability near the middle of the scale,[6] and is internally consistent (0.96).[2] The BBS correlates satisfactorily with laboratory measures, including postural sway, and has good concurrent criterion, predictive criterion, and construct validity.[7] Considerable evidence indicates that the BBS is also a valid measure of standing balance in post-stroke patients, but only for those who ambulate independently, due to the tasks that are required of the patient.[8] The BBS was recently identified as the most commonly used assessment tool across the continuum of stroke rehabilitation and it is considered a sound measure of balance impairment. [1]
The BBS has been strongly established as valid and reliable but there are still several factors which may indicate that the BBS should be used in conjunction with other balance measures.[1] For example, there are a few tasks in the BBS to test dynamic balance, which may limit its ability to challenge older adults who live independently in the community.[3] A ceiling effect and floor effect has been reported for the BBS when used with community dwelling older adults. [1] The use of the BBS as an outcome measure is compromised when participants score high on initial trials.[3] In initial development of the BBS, the authors noted that a limitation to the scale was the lack of items requiring postural response to external stimuli or uneven support surfaces.[2] This indicates that the BBS may be more appropriate for use with frail older adults rather than community-dwellers.[3] In addition, the BBS has been shown to be a poor predictor of falls.[9]
The interpretation of the result is:[5]
| ≤20 | wheelchair user |
| >20≤40 | walking with assistance |
| >40≤56 | independent |
Alternatively, the BBS can be used as a multilevel tool, with the risk of multiple falls increasing below a score of 45 and a significant increase below 40.[10] In the original study, the value of 45 points was used to calculate relative risk estimates to demonstrate predictive validity,[2] and a score of 45 has been shown to be an appropriate cut-off for safe independent ambulation and the need for assistive devices or supervision.[7] An instrumented version of BBS is recently proposed to avoid observer bias and to facilitate objective assessment of Balance in home environments for periodic or long term monitoring.[11]
Outcome measures
editThe Berg Balance Scale is used by clinical exercise physiologists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists to determine the functional mobility of an individual. This test can be administered prior to treatment for elderly individuals and patients with a history of but not limited to stroke, [1] Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Ataxia, vertigo, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. The Berg Balance Scale Test can be administered every few months of treatment to determine if the treatment was effective for increasing the patient's functional mobility (a difference of 8 points is considered a significant change).[12]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e Blum L, Korner-Bitensky N (May 2008). "Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review". Physical Therapy. 88 (5): 559–566. doi:10.2522/ptj.20070205. PMID 18292215.
- ^ a b c d Berg K, Wood-Dauphinėe S, Williams J, Gayton D (1989). "Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument". Physiotherapy Canada. 41 (6): 304–311. doi:10.3138/ptc.41.6.304. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ a b c d Langley, F.A. & Mackintosh, S.F.H. (2007). Functional balance assessment of older community dwelling adults: A systematic review of the literature. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 5(4).
- ^ "Berg Balance Scale (BBS)". The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ a b "Berg Balance Scale" (PDF). Internet Stroke Center. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ Downs S, Marquez J, Chiarelli P (2013). "The Berg Balance Scale has high intra- and inter-rater reliability but absolute reliability varies across the scale: a systematic review". Journal of Physiotherapy. 59 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1016/s1836-9553(13)70161-9. hdl:1959.13/1295036. PMID 23663794.
- ^ a b Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B (1992). "Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument". Can J Public Health. 83 (Suppl 2): S7–11. PMID 1468055.
- ^ Stevenson TJ (2001). "Detecting change in patients with stroke using the Berg Balance Scale". Aust J Physiother. 47 (1): 29–38. doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60296-8. PMID 11552860.
- ^ Boulgarides LK, McGinty SM, Willett JA, Barnes CW (April 2003). "Use of clinical and impairment-based tests to predict falls by community-dwelling older adults". Phys Ther. 83 (4): 328–39. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.4.328. PMID 12665404. Archived from the original on 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Muir SW, Berg K, Chesworth B, Speechley M (April 2008). "Use of the Berg Balance Scale for predicting multiple falls in community-dwelling elderly people: a prospective study". Phys Ther. 88 (4): 449–59. doi:10.2522/ptj.20070251. PMID 18218822.
- ^ Shahzad A, Ko S, Lee S, Lee JA, Kim K (October 2017). "Quantitative Assessment of Balance Impairment for Fall-Risk Estimation Using Wearable Triaxial Accelerometer". IEEE Sensors Journal. 17 (20): 6743–6751. Bibcode:2017ISenJ..17.6743S. doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2749446. ISSN 1530-437X. S2CID 30818100.
- ^ Steffen T. M., Hacker T. A., Mollinger L. (2002). "Age- and Gender-Related Test Performance in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and Gait Speeds". Journal of Physical Therapy. 82 (2): 128–137. doi:10.1093/ptj/82.2.128. PMID 11856064.