Boies Penrose (November 1, 1860 – December 31, 1921) was an American politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who served as a Republican member of the United States Senate for Pennsylvania from 1897 to 1921. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Philadelphia County district in 1885. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 6th district in 1897 and as President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1889 to 1891.
Boies Penrose | |
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| United States Senator from Pennsylvania | |
| In office March 4, 1897 – December 31, 1921 | |
| Preceded by | J. Donald Cameron |
| Succeeded by | George Pepper |
| Member of the Republican National Committee from Pennsylvania | |
| In office May 18, 1916 – December 31, 1921 | |
| Preceded by | Henry Wasson |
| Succeeded by | George Pepper |
| In office June 9, 1904 – May 1, 1912 | |
| Preceded by | Matthew Quay |
| Succeeded by | Henry Wasson |
| Chairman of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania | |
| In office May 27, 1903 – April 26, 1905 | |
| Preceded by | Matthew Quay |
| Succeeded by | Wesley Andrews |
| President pro tempore of the Pennsylvania Senate | |
| In office May 9, 1889 – May 28, 1891 | |
| Preceded by | John Grady |
| Succeeded by | John P. S. Gobin |
| Member of the Pennsylvania Senate from the 6th district | |
| In office January 4, 1887 – January 27, 1897[1] | |
| Preceded by | Robert Adams, Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Israel Wilson Durham |
| Member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the Philadelphia County district | |
| In office January 6, 1885[2] – June 12, 1885 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 1, 1860 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | December 31, 1921 (aged 61) Washington D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
Penrose was the fourth political boss of the Pennsylvania Republican political machine (known under his bossism as the Penrose machine), following Simon Cameron, Donald Cameron, and Matthew Quay.[3] He was the most powerful political operative in Pennsylvania for 17 years, supported Warren Harding in his nomination for U.S. president, and added the oil depletion allowance into the Revenue Act of 1913 to benefit oil producers. Penrose was the longest-serving U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania until Arlen Specter surpassed his record in 2005.[4]
Early life and education
editHe was born on November 1, 1860,[5] in Philadelphia, one of seven sons,[6] to Dr. Richard Alexander Fullerton Penrose and Sarah Hannah Boies.[7] He was born into a prominent Old Philadelphian family of Cornish descent.[8] The family traced their American origins to Bartholomew Penrose, a Bristol shipbuilder, who was invited by William Penn to establish a shipyard in the Province of Pennsylvania.[9] He was a grandson of Speaker of the Pennsylvania Senate Charles B. Penrose and brother of gynecologist Charles Bingham Penrose and mining entrepreneurs Richard and Spencer Penrose. He was a descendant of the prominent Biddle family of Philadelphia.[10]
Penrose attended Episcopal Academy[11] and Harvard University. He was almost expelled from Harvard due to poor academics but was able to improve his grades by Senior year.[12] He graduated second in his class in 1881. After reading the law with the firm of Wayne MacVeagh and George Tucker Bispham,[13] he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1883.[14]
Pennsylvania legislature
editHe served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for Philadelphia County in 1885,[11] and was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 6th district in 1886. He served as president pro tempore from 1889 to 1891.[10] At the age of 26, he was the youngest state senator and at age 29, the youngest President pro tempore.[3]
Although Penrose wrote two books on political reform, he joined the political machine of Matthew Quay, a Pennsylvania Republican political boss.[15] In 1895, Penrose ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Philadelphia.[14] He was forced to withdraw from the race when his Democrat opponent released a photo of Penrose leaving a brothel at three o'clock in the morning.[13]
U.S. Senate and National Republican Party Committee
editIn 1897, the state legislature elected Penrose to the United States Senate over John Wanamaker.[3]
Penrose was a dominant member of the Senate Finance Committee and supported high protective tariffs. He had also served on the United States Senate Committee on Banking, United States Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, United States Senate Committee on Education and Labor, and United States Senate Committee on Immigration.[16] One of Penrose's most important legislative actions was adding the oil depletion allowance to the Revenue Act of 1913 which benefited oil producers including the Mellons and the Pews.[17] Penrose consistently supported "pro-business" policies, and opposed labor reform and women's rights.[15]
He created the development of "squeeze bills", in which he would have Pennsylvania colleagues enter bills into the Pennsylvania legislature that were negative toward major industries, such as railroads and banks, and promised to remove the bills after receiving sufficient political contributions from those industries.[3]
Penrose was elected Chairman of the State Republican Party in 1903, succeeding fellow Senator Matthew Quay.[18] A year later, Quay died, and Penrose was appointed to succeed him as the state's Republican National Committeeman.[19] He was the most powerful political operative in Pennsylvania for the next 17 years[20] and enabled figures like Richard Baldwin to advance through loyalty to his organization.[21]
In the 1912 presidential election, Penrose strongly supported incumbent President William Howard Taft over former President Theodore Roosevelt. To discredit Roosevelt in the three-way race that year, Penrose worked with Roosevelt's embittered Progressive rival, Robert M. La Follette, to establish a Senate committee to investigate sources of contributions to Roosevelt's 1904 and 1912 campaigns.[22] After a campaign that consisted of heavy attacks on Penrose, Roosevelt won Pennsylvania in the 1912 election, although Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the national vote.[23] Penrose was also a major supporter of Warren Harding, and helped the Ohio Senator win the 1920 Republican nomination.[24] Penrose's role in Harding's election helped earn Pennsylvanian Andrew W. Mellon the role of Secretary of the Treasury.[15]
In 1912, Penrose was forced out of power by the progressive faction of the party led by William Flinn.[25] Penrose did not stand for re-election to his national committee post. However, following Flinn's departure from the party to support Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party, Penrose was able to garner enough support to return to his post as national committeeman and would remain in the position until his death.[26][27]
In 1914, Penrose faced his first direct election (following the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment). He publicly campaigned for the first time in his life and defeated Democrat A. Mitchell Palmer and Progressive Gifford Pinchot.[15]
In November 1915, Penrose accompanied the Liberty Bell on its nationwide tour to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco to raise money for World War I.[28][29]
Personal life and business
editPenrose was six foot four inches tall and was nicknamed "Big Grizzly". He had a huge appetite and was known to have a dozen eggs at breakfast and a full turkey at lunch.[12] He won a $1,000 bet in an eating contest of 50 oysters and a quart of bourbon that sent his opponent to the hospital.[30] He did not like people watching him eat and had screens set up to provide privacy when he dined at the Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia.[31]
An avid outdoorsman, Penrose enjoyed mountain exploration and big-game hunting. He was one of the 100 original members of the Boone and Crockett Club.[32] According to his hunting guide, W.G. (Bill) Manson, they had to spend a lot of time to find a horse big enough to carry Penrose and his custom saddle. The horse was called "Senator." After Penrose stopped riding, the horse was retired to pasture because no standard saddle would fit him.[33]
He never married and was known to boast of his love of prostitutes, stating that he didn't "believe in hypocrisy".[29]
In 1903 Penrose, along with his brothers and father, invested in the formation of the Utah Copper Company.[34]
Death and legacy
edit
Penrose died on December 31, 1921,[14] in his Wardman Park penthouse suite in Washington, D.C. in the last hour of 1921, after suffering a pulmonary thrombosis.[16] He was interred in the Penrose family grave section of Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.[10]
Following Penrose's death, his lieutenant Joseph Grundy became one of the leaders of the Republican machine, but no one boss dominated the party as Penrose and his predecessors had.[24]
Mount Penrose in the Dickson Range in southwest-central British Columbia is named after Penrose.[35]
A bronze statue of Penrose by Philadelphia sculptor Samuel Murray was erected in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's Capitol Park in September 1930.[36]
Publications
edit- Philadelphia 1681-1887: A History of Municipal Development, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1887
- The City Government of Philadelphia - Volume 5, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1887
- Ground Rents in Philadelphia, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1888
- Revenue Bill of 1918: Speech of Hon. Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania in the United States Senate, Washington, 1918
See also
editReferences
editCitations
- ^ Cox, Harold (2004). "Pennsylvania Senate - 1897-1898" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
- ^ Sharon Trostle, ed. (2009). The Pennsylvania Manual (PDF). Vol. 119. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of General Services. ISBN 978-0-8182-0334-3.
- ^ a b c d Beers 1980, p. 53.
- ^ Goldstein, Steve (November 1, 2005). "Specter is Pa.'s longest-serving U.S. senator/ He breaks Boies Penrose's record". Philly.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
- ^ "Penrose, Boies (1860-1921)". bioguideretro.congress.gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ Hudson, Samuel (1909). Pennsylvania and Its Public Men. Philadelphia: Hudson & Joseph. pp. 32–33. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ Leach, Josiah Granville (1903). History of the Penrose Family of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell Company. p. 121. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
- ^ White, G. Pawley, A Handbook of Cornish Surnames. (Boies Penrose mentioned by name)
- ^ Noel & Norman 2002, p. 1.
- ^ a b c "Pennsylvania State Senate - Boies Penrose Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ a b "Boies Penrose". archives.house.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ a b "Boies Penrose became a successful politician for which political party?". hsp.org. Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ a b Bell, Robert R. (1992). The Philadelphia Lawyer: A History 1735-1945. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-945636-26-1. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ a b c "Boies Penrose United States Senator". www.britannica.com. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Chapter Four: From the Progressive Era to the Great Depression". Explore PA History. WITF. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
- ^ a b "Senator Boies Penrose Dead," Indianapolis Sunday Star, January 1, 1922 at p. 1, retrieved 2012-10-15.
- ^ Beers 1980, p. 42.
- ^ "Quay's Push Cut The Ice". The Youngstown Vindicator. May 27, 1903. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ "News Summary". The Ottawa Free Trader. June 10, 1904. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ Beers 1980, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Kaylor, Earl C. (1996). Martin Grove Brumbaugh: A Pennsylvanian's Odyssey From Sainted Schoolman to Bedeviled World War I Governor, 1862-1930. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, Inc. p. 300. ISBN 0-8386-3689-6. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^ Henry F. Pringle, The Life and Times of William Howard Taft, Vol. II, pp.829-830, (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., 1939).
- ^ Abernethy, Lloyd (April 1962). "The Progressive Campaign in Pennsylvania, 1912". Pennsylvania History. 29 (2): 175–195.
- ^ a b Kennedy, Joseph S. (October 26, 2003). "Grundy's legacy in Pa. For decades, he was a force in the GOP". Philly.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
- ^ "T.R. Sweep In Pennsylvania". The St. Joseph News-Press. May 2, 1912. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ "Ford Ahead Of T.R. In Philadelphia Vote". The Baltimore Sun. May 18, 1916. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ "Pinchot Hits Assessment Of Office Holders". The Reading Eagle. June 11, 1922. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
- ^ "Liberty Bell Attracts Crowd in Greenville During 1915 Stop". Greenville Advocate. July 3, 2007.
- ^ a b Fried, Stephen. "How the Liberty Bell Won the Great War". www.smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ Noel & Norman 2002, pp. 11–12.
- ^ Beers 1980, p. 48.
- ^ Fraley, John (August 25, 2021). "A grizzly attack on Mount Penrose". hungryhorsenews.com. Hungry Horse News. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^ Dapp, Rick. "Did You Know?". harrisburgmagazine.com. MH Magazine. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
- ^ Charles Caldwell Hawley (2014). A Kennecott Story. The University of Utah Press. pp. 37–40.
- ^ "Mount Penrose". peakvisor.com. Peak Visor. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ "Bronze Maintenance". cpc.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
Sources
- Beers, Paul B. (1980). Pennsylvania Politics Today and Yesterday: The Terrible Accommodation. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-00238-7.
- Lukacs, John (1980). Philadelphia: Patricians and Philistines, 1900-1950. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-5597-6.
- Noel, Thomas; Norman, Cathleen (2002). A Pike's Peak Partnership: The Penroses and the Tutts (PDF). University Press of Colorado.
External links
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