Bran Castle (Romanian: Castelul Bran; German: Schloss Bran or Die Törzburg; Hungarian: Törcsvári kastély) is a castle in Bran, 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Brașov. The castle was built by Saxons in 1377 who were given the privilege by Louis I of Hungary. It is a national monument and landmark in Transylvania. The fortress is on the Transylvanian side of the historical border with Wallachia, on road DN73.
| Bran Castle | |
|---|---|
 Bran Castle | |
  Location within Romania | |
| Alternative names | Dracula's Castle |
| General information | |
| Type | Fortress |
| Architectural style | Medieval |
| Location | Bran, near Brașov, Transylvania |
| Address | Str. G-ral Traian Mosoiu, nr.24, Bran |
| Country | Romania |
| Coordinates | 45°30′54″N 25°22′02″E / 45.51500°N 25.36722°E |
| Elevation | 2,500 feet (760 m) |
| Owner | Archduke Dominic of Austria-Tuscany |
Commonly known outside Transylvania as Dracula's Castle, it is marketed as the home of the title character in Bram Stoker's Dracula. There is no evidence that Stoker knew anything about this castle, which has only tangential associations with Vlad the Impaler, voivode of Wallachia, who shares his name with Dracula.[1] Stoker's description of Dracula's crumbling fictional castle also bears no resemblance to Bran Castle.
The castle is now a museum dedicated to displaying art and furniture collected by Queen Marie.[2] Tourists can see the interior on their own or by a guided tour. At the bottom of the hill is a small open-air museum exhibiting traditional Romanian peasant structures (cottages, barns, water-driven machinery, etc.) from the Bran region.[3]
History
editWooden castle of the German Order
editIn 1212, the Teutonic Order built the wooden castle of Dietrichstein as a fortified position in the Burzenland at the entrance to a mountain pass through which traders had travelled for more than a millennium.[4] This castle was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242.[5]
The castle's original name, Dietrichstein or lapis Theoderici in Latin, lit. "Dietrich's Stone", seems to have been derived from the Comthur (Commander) and regional Preceptor, frater Theodericus, mentioned in a 1212 document.[6] This Dietrich is the probable builder of the castle.[6] A 1509 document confirms that the Törzburg county had once belonged to Commander Dietrich of the Teutonic Order.[6]
Stone castle of the Kronstadt Saxons
editThe first documented mention of Bran Castle is the act issued by Louis I of Hungary on 19 November 1377, giving the Saxons of Kronstadt (modern Brașov) the privilege to build the stone castle at their own expense and labour force; the settlement of Bran began to develop nearby. In 1438–1442, the castle was used in defense against the Ottoman Empire, and later became a customs post on the mountain pass between Transylvania and Wallachia. Although many castles of the time belonged to members of the nobility, it has been established that Bran Castle was built almost exclusively for fortification and protection of German colonists in Transylvania.[7] It is believed the castle was briefly held by Mircea the Elder of Wallachia (r. 1386–95, 1397–1418) during whose period the customs point was established. The Wallachian ruler Vlad Țepeș (Vlad the Impaler; 1448–1476) does not seem to have had a significant role in the history of the fortress, although he passed several times through the Bran Gorge. At some point, Bran Castle belonged to the Hungarian kings, but due to the failure of King Vladislas II (r. 1471–1516) to repay loans, the city of Brașov regained possession of the fortress in 1533.
In 1530, Moise of Wallachia, Voivode of Wallachia, sent an army to capture the castle, but the Székely soldiers led by the castle lord Dénes defended the building, thereby forcing the Wallachian army to retreat.[8][9]
Bran played a militarily strategic role up to the mid-18th century.[10]
Royal residence and aftermath
editWith the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, Hungary lost Transylvania, and the castle became a royal residence within the Kingdom of Romania after being given to the royal house by the Saxons of Kronstadt-Braşov, who had no more use for it and no interest in financing the time-damaged property. It became the favorite home and retreat of Marie of Romania, who ordered its extensive renovation conducted by the Czech architect Karel Zdeněk Líman. The castle was inherited by her daughter Princess Ileana who ran a hospital there in World War II. It was later seized by the communist regime with the expulsion of the royal family in 1948.[3]
In 2005 the Romanian government passed a law allowing restitution claims on properties illegally expropriated, such as Bran, and thus a year later ownership of the castle was awarded to Archduke Dominic of Austria, a son of Princess Ileana.[11][12]
On 18 May 2006, after a period of legal proceedings, the castle was legally returned to the children of Princess Ileana. However, through the Ministry of Culture, the Romanian state was also to administer it for the next three years.
In September 2007 an investigation committee of the Romanian Parliament stated that the retrocession of the castle to Archduke Dominic was illegal, as it broke the Romanian law on property and succession.[13] However, in October 2007 the Constitutional Court of Romania rejected the parliament's petition on the matter. In addition, an investigation commission of the Romanian government issued a decision in December 2007 reaffirming the validity and legality of the restitution procedures used and confirming that the restitution was made in full compliance with the law.[14][15]
On 18 May 2009 administration of Bran Castle was transferred from the government to Archduke Dominic and his sisters, Archduchess Maria Magdalena and Archduchess Elisabeth. On 1 June 2009, the Habsburgs opened the refurbished castle to the public as the first private museum in the country and presented a joint strategic concept in collaboration with Bran village to maintain their prominent role in the Romanian tourist circuit and to safeguard the economic base in the region.
"Dracula's Castle"
editThough many myths have been connected to him in connection with the Dracula myth, most historians agree that Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad the Impaler, never set foot in Castle Bran, which was neither a friendly place for him to visit nor under his rule. It was once believed that he was imprisoned there after he was captured by the Hungarians in 1462, but historians now conclude that he was imprisoned in a fortress in Budapest.[16][7]
Connection to Bram Stoker's Dracula
editBran Castle is not mentioned in the novel Dracula, and the novel's description of the castle does not match Bran Castle. The claimed connection between the castle and the Dracula legend is tourism-driven.[16]
During Stoker's research on the region of Transylvania, he came across accounts of the atrocities committed by Vlad III, and used the Dracula name after reading on the subject; but his inspiration for Dracula was not solely based on the historical figure. It is largely due to American cinema that Vlad III is considered the inspiration for the Dracula character.[17]
Other mentions in popular culture
editMost of Laurie R. King's novel Castle Shade (2022), part of her series about Sherlock Holmes and Mary Russell, is set in and near Bran Castle in 1925.
Image gallery
edit-
The castle in 2012 -
Southern front from the foot of the cliff -
The eastern shield wall, view from the main walkway -
View towards Piatra Craiului from an upstairs balcony -
The courtyard, looking west -
Western tower, seen from inside -
Secret passage connecting the first and third floors -
19th-century stone cross placed in the park
See also
edit- Castles in Romania
- Poenari Castle, an authentic Vlad the Impaler castle ruin
- Peleș Castle
- Corvin Castle
- Tourism in Romania
- Seven Wonders of Romania
References
edit- ^ "Dracula - Bran Castle". www.bran-castle.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
- ^ "Bran Castle official website". Archived from the original on 2010-03-12. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ^ a b Middleton, Christopher (11 May 2014). "Buy a stake in Dracula's castle". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Historical Timeline - Bran Castle". www.bran-castle.com. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
- ^ "Visit Transylvania :: Via Transylvania Tours: self-drive & guided tours of Romania". www.viatransylvania.com. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
- ^ a b c Maurer, Friedrich (2015) [1875]. Die Besitzergreifung Siebenbürgens durch die das Land jetzt bewohnenden Nationen. Paderborn: Europäischer Geschichtsverlag. p. 120. ISBN 978-3-73400-560-2.. Accessed 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Romania: Did Dracula Ever Set Foot In Dracula's Castle?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 February 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Balázs, Orbán. "A Székelyföld Leírása". mek.oszk.hu.
- ^ Siebenbürgische Quartalschrift (in German). Hochmeister. 1793.
- ^ Medieval history of the fortress from the official website Archived October 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Son stakes Dracula castle claim". BBC News. 26 May 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
- ^ "N.Y. heir to get Dracula's digs". New York Daily News. 24 May 2006. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2007.
- ^ "Camera Deputaților: Castelul Bran a fost retrocedat ilegal". Realitatea TV - Politică. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "'" (in Romanian). Mediafax. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2008-02-04.
- ^ "Archived copy" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Vlad the Impaler Ruler of Walachia (sic)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Skal, David J (2016). Something in the Blood: The Untold Story of Bram Stoker, the Man Who Wrote Dracula. Liverlight. ISBN 9781631490101.[page needed]
External links
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