Complement component 5a receptor 2 is a protein of the complement system that in humans is encoded by the C5AR2 gene.[5][6] It is highly expressed in the blood and spleen,[7] predominantly by myeloid cells.[8][9]
Function
editThe anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are fragments of C3 and C5 generated via proteolytic cleavage by C3 convertases and C5 convertases during the complement cascade. They are pro-inflammatory mediators which bind to the anaphylatoxin receptors, C3aR, C5aR1 and C5aR2. The anaphylatoxin receptors are a family of three proteins which beloing to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. C3aR and C5aR1 bind C3a and C5a, respectively, which mediate a broad range of effects in host defense, including chemoattraction, vasodilation and immune cell activation.[10] C5aR2 binds C5a, but lacks GPCR activity,[11] and its function is less well understood.
C5aR2 was initially thought be a decoy receptor, acting as a sink for C5a to negatively regulate C5aR1 function.[11] However, more recent research has uncovered independent roles for C5aR2, including modulation of the innate immune response in myeloid cells,[12][13] translocation of C5a to drive transendothelial migration of neutrophils,[14] β-arrestin recruitment and modulation of ERK signalling[15][16] and modulation of lipid metabolism in obesity through C3a-desArg binding.[17] C5aR2 has been implicated in a broad range of inflammatory and infectious diseases.[18][19]
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000134830 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000074361 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Ohno M, Hirata T, Enomoto M, Araki T, Ishimaru H, Takahashi TA (June 2000). "A putative chemoattractant receptor, C5L2, is expressed in granulocyte and immature dendritic cells, but not in mature dendritic cells". Molecular Immunology. 37 (8): 407–412. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(00)00067-5. PMID 11090875.
- ^ "HGNC:4527". Retrieved 2019-08-30.
- ^ Zhu Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Chen L, Ding P, Chen J, et al. (2021-09-14). "An Integrated Analysis of C5AR2 Related to Malignant Properties and Immune Infiltration of Breast Cancer". Frontiers in Oncology. 11: 736725. doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.736725. PMC 8476960. PMID 34595119.
- ^ Bamberg CE, Mackay CR, Lee H, Zahra D, Jackson J, Lim YS, et al. (March 2010). "The C5a receptor (C5aR) C5L2 is a modulator of C5aR-mediated signal transduction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (10): 7633–7644. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.092106. PMC 2844210. PMID 20044484.
- ^ Karsten CM, Wiese AV, Mey F, Figge J, Woodruff TM, Reuter T, et al. (November 2017). "Monitoring C5aR2 Expression Using a Floxed tdTomato-C5aR2 Knock-In Mouse". Journal of Immunology. 199 (9): 3234–3248. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1700710. PMID 28864475.
- ^ Klos A, Tenner AJ, Johswich KO, Ager RR, Reis ES, Köhl J (September 2009). "The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease". Molecular Immunology. 12th European Meeting on Complement in Human Disease. 46 (14): 2753–2766. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.027. PMC 2725201. PMID 19477527.
- ^ a b Scola AM, Johswich KO, Morgan BP, Klos A, Monk PN (March 2009). "The human complement fragment receptor, C5L2, is a recycling decoy receptor". Molecular Immunology. 46 (6): 1149–1162. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.001. PMC 2697321. PMID 19100624.
- ^ Li XX, Clark RJ, Woodruff TM (August 2020). "C5aR2 Activation Broadly Modulates the Signaling and Function of Primary Human Macrophages". Journal of Immunology. 205 (4): 1102–1112. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000407. PMID 32611725.
- ^ Wright O, Harris A, Nguyen VD, Zhou Y, Durand M, Jayyaratnam A, et al. (November 2023). "C5aR2 Regulates STING-Mediated Interferon Beta Production in Human Macrophages". Cells. 12 (23): 2707. doi:10.3390/cells12232707. PMC 10706378. PMID 38067135.
- ^ Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Mani V, Mempel TR, Luster AD (May 2019). "Atypical complement receptor C5aR2 transports C5a to initiate neutrophil adhesion and inflammation". Science Immunology. 4 (35). doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aav5951. PMID 31076525.
- ^ Croker DE, Monk PN, Halai R, Kaeslin G, Schofield Z, Wu MC, et al. (September 2016). "Discovery of functionally selective C5aR2 ligands: novel modulators of C5a signalling". Immunology and Cell Biology. 94 (8): 787–795. doi:10.1038/icb.2016.43. PMID 27108698.
- ^ Croker DE, Halai R, Kaeslin G, Wende E, Fehlhaber B, Klos A, et al. (August 2014). "C5a2 can modulate ERK1/2 signaling in macrophages via heteromer formation with C5a1 and β-arrestin recruitment" (PDF). Immunology and Cell Biology. 92 (7): 631–639. doi:10.1038/icb.2014.32. PMID 24777312. S2CID 24704330.
- ^ Fisette A, Cianflone K (June 2010). "The ASP and C5L2 pathway: another bridge between inflammation and metabolic homeostasis". Clinical Lipidology. 5 (3): 367–377. doi:10.2217/clp.10.21. ISSN 1758-4299. S2CID 85816536.
- ^ Li R, Coulthard LG, Wu MC, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM (March 2013). "C5L2: a controversial receptor of complement anaphylatoxin, C5a". FASEB Journal. 27 (3): 855–864. doi:10.1096/fj.12-220509. PMID 23239822.
- ^ Li XX, Lee JD, Kemper C, Woodruff TM (June 2019). "The Complement Receptor C5aR2: A Powerful Modulator of Innate and Adaptive Immunity". Journal of Immunology. 202 (12): 3339–3348. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900371. PMID 31160390.