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Cyclone Fani

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani (/ˈfɒniː/)[a] was the worst tropical cyclone to strike the Indian state of Odisha since the 1999 Odisha cyclone. The second named storm and the first severe cyclonic storm of the 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Fani originated from a tropical depression that formed west of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean on 26 April. Vertical wind shear at first hindered the storm's development, but conditions became more favorable for Fani on 30 April. Fani rapidly strengthened, peaking at Category 5-equivalent intensity with winds of 280 km/h (175 mph). Fani slightly weakened before making landfall, and its convective structure rapidly degraded thereafter, degenerating into a remnant low on 4 May, and dissipating on the next day. It was succeeded by Cyclone Amphan in 2020 which caused a greater overall damage.

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani
Cyclone Fani at peak intensity on 2 May, while approaching Odisha
Meteorological history
Formed26 April 2019
Remnant low4 May 2019
Dissipated5 May 2019
Extremely severe cyclonic storm
3-minute sustained (IMD)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure932 hPa (mbar); 27.52 inHg
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds280 km/h (175 mph)
Lowest pressure900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities89 total
Damage$8.1 billion (2019 USD)
(Third costliest cyclone recorded in the Indian Ocean)
Areas affected
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Prior to Fani's landfall, authorities in India and Bangladesh moved at least a million people each from areas within Fani's projected path onto higher ground, and into cyclone shelters, which is thought to have reduced the resultant death toll and casualties.[3] Fani killed at least 89 people in eastern India and Bangladesh and caused about US$8.1 billion in damages in both India and Bangladesh, mostly in Odisha, in India.[4]

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The IMD began tracking a depression located to the west of Sumatra on 26 April, classifying it as BOB 02. Later that day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system.[5] Afterward, the storm slowly coalesced while moving northward, and was upgraded to a deep depression at 00:00 UTC on 27 April.[6] At the same time, the JTWC began warning on the system, designating it 01B.[7] Six hours later, the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm and gave it the name Fani.[8]

The system continued to intensify until 18:00 UTC on 27 April, after which it stagnated for over a day, as convection around the storm's center waxed and waned.[9] Fani resumed strengthening around 12:00 UTC, with the IMD upgrading it to a severe cyclonic storm.[10] At that time, Fani began a period of rapid intensification as it was located within a very favorable environment with sea surface temperatures of 30–31 °C (86–88 °F) and low vertical wind shear. As a result, the JTWC upgraded Fani to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone late on 29 April.[11] Around 00:00 UTC on 30 April, Fani was upgraded to a very severe cyclonic storm by the IMD.[12] The organization of the system continued to improve, with tight spiral banding wrapping into a formative eye feature,[13] resulting in Fani being upgraded to an extremely severe cyclonic storm by the IMD around 12:00 UTC[14] while the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Category 3-equivalent cyclone hours later.[15] Development proceeded more slowly over the following days, with little improvement evident in the system's satellite presentation. On 2 May, however, the central dense overcast became more symmetrical and the eye more distinct, and Fani was upgraded to a Category 4-equivalent cyclone by the JTWC at 06:00 UTC.[16] Shortly after, Fani started another period of rapid intensification, attaining 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), equivalent to a Category 5 tropical cyclone, according to the JTWC,[17] become the strongest storm on record in the north Indian Ocean, in terms of 1-minute sustained winds. Operationally, the JTWC classified the system as a high-end Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone with 1-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph),[18] but raised their estimate in post-season reanalysis.

Fani quickly weakened after peak intensity. At 8:00 a.m. IST (02:30 UTC) 3 May, Fani made landfall near Puri, Odisha as an extremely severe cyclonic storm, with 3-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) according to IBTrACS record.[19] This made Fani the most intense storm to make landfall in India's Odisha state since the 1999 Odisha cyclone.[20] Land interaction quickly degraded Fani's convective structure; and it weakened to a Category 1-equivalent tropical cyclone soon after landfall.[21] Fani continued to weaken after landfall, weakening to a cyclonic storm later that day,[22] before passing just north of Kolkata. On 4 May, Fani weakened to a deep depression and moved into Bangladesh,[23] before degenerating into a well-marked low later on the same day.[24] On 5 May, Fani's remnant low dissipated over Bhutan.[citation needed]

Fani developed during a period of high concentration of anthropogenic aerosols in the Bay of Bengal with abnormally high sea surface temperature (SST), thereby presenting a compound effect of atmospheric aerosols and regional climate warming on a tropical cyclone. Research indicates that aerosol and its interaction with the atmosphere acted to mitigate the strengthening effect of anthropogenic warming on Fani, but was not strong enough to entirely counteract it.[25]

Preparations

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Evacuees at a cyclone shelter at Basudevpur Bhadrak

The India Meteorological Department tracked the storm and issued numerous yellow warnings for much of the south-eastern portion of India when the cyclone started to intensify.[26][27] In preparation for the storm's impact, the state government of Odisha and its agency OSDMA evacuated over 1.2 million residents from vulnerable coastal areas and moved them to higher ground and into cyclone shelters built a few kilometres inland. The authorities deployed around a thousand emergency workers and 43,000 volunteers in these efforts. It sent out 2.6 million text messages to warn of the storm in addition to using television, sirens and public-address systems to communicate the message. About 7,000 kitchens were operated to feed evacuees in 9,000 storm shelters.[28][29]

The Indian Navy readied naval ships and aircraft at Arakkonam and Visakhapatnam air-bases to prepare for the storm's aftermath and aid in reconnaissance, rescue and relief operations.[30] The Odisha government staged "300 power boats, two helicopters and many chain saws, to cut downed trees" for the purpose.[29]

Authorities in Bangladesh were ordered to open shelter areas as well in 19 coastal districts.[31] Bangladesh Navy deployed 32 naval ships to provide emergency relief and medical assistance to the coastal areas in case of any emergencies.[32] More than 1.2 million people were evacuated in Bangladesh and moved to the cyclone shelters in coastal areas.[33]

Impact and aftermath

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Costliest known North Indian cyclones
Rank Cyclone Season Damage
(2023 USD)
1 Nargis 2008 $18.3 billion
2 Amphan 2020 $16.6 billion
3 Fani 2019 $9.65 billion
4 BOB 06 1999 $8.12 billion
5 Remal 2024 $7.82 billion
6 Gonu 2007 $6.47 billion
7 ARB 02 1998 $5.61 billion
8 Phailin 2013 $5.57 billion
9 Hudhud 2014 $4.61 billion
10 Vardah 2016 $4.29 billion

Odisha

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Approximately 72 people have been killed by Fani in India; 64 in Odisha,[34] In Odisha, a teenager of 14 years was killed after being hit by a falling tree. One woman died when she was hit by flying debris, and another died of a heart attack while in a cyclone shelter.[35] The cyclone adversely affected electricity supply and telecommunication in several coastal areas of Odisha, and to a lesser extent, of West Bengal. Puri and Khordha district in Odisha were the worst hit.[28] The Jagannath Temple in Puri suffered minor damage, the repairing cost were estimated to be ₹51 million (US$738,000).[36] The KIIT University also suffered a damage of about ₹300 million (US$4.3 million).[37] Total damage in Odisha were estimated at ₹120 billion (US$1.74 billion), mostly in property damage and the relief.[38] After the cyclone, Odisha required ₹170 billion (US$2.46 billion) for rebuilding the infrastructure.[39] Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the government had released over ₹10 billion (US$145 million) for the states affected by Fani.[40] There were massive environmental devastation, as well.[41]

Andhra Pradesh

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Although no fatalities occurred in Andhra Pradesh, Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts reported an economic loss of ₹586.2 million (US$8.5 million).[42] The South Central Railway also suffered a damage of about ₹29.8 million (US$432,000).[43]

 
Trees under heavy wind in Odisha during cyclone Fani

Bangladesh

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Fani killed 17 people in ten districts of Bangladesh.[44] In Bagerhat District, a woman died after being hit by a falling tree, and 7 of them were killed by lightning in two districts of Bangladesh.[45] The cyclone also destroyed about 63,000 ha (160,000 acres) of farmland in 35 districts of the country, the agricultural loss were at ৳385 million (US$4.6 million).[46] Total damage in Bangladesh were up to ৳5.37 billion (US$63.6 million).[47]

The Bangladeshi government distributed rice, dried food, and ৳19.7 million (US$234,000) to those affected by the cyclone.[48]

Relief efforts

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CHD Group supported the Government of Odisha through provision of medical relief with extended support from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar. [49] Gurgaon-based NGO Meals of Happiness Charitable Trust, in association with M3M Foundation, ran a major relief drive for the victims of cyclone Fani which had devastated various districts of Odisha last month.[50]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The name was contributed by Bangladesh and means 'hood of a snake'.[1][2]

References

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  1. ^ "How Cyclone Fani got its name". Dhaka Tribune. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  2. ^ ঘূর্ণিঝড়ের ফণী নামটি কোথা থেকে এলো?. BBC News বাংলা (in Bengali). BBC Bangla. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  3. ^ Kumar, Hari; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer (4 May 2019). "'The Worst Is Over': A Sigh of Relief in India, Mostly Spared by Cyclone". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  5. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  6. ^ TC Advisory 1. India Meteorological Department (Report). 27 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  7. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01B Warning 001. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. 27 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  8. ^ TC Advisory 2. India Meteorological Department (Report). 27 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  9. ^ TC Advisory 4. India Meteorological Department (Report). 28 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  10. ^ TC Advisory 11. India Meteorological Department (Report). 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  11. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 012. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  12. ^ TC Advisory 13. India Meteorological Department (Report). 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  13. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 015. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  14. ^ TC Advisory 15. India Meteorological Department (Report). 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 016". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Naval Meteorology and Oceanoraphy Command. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 022". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  17. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center: 2019 North Indian Ocean Best Track (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  18. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 023". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 2 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  19. ^ "Cyclone Fani makes landfall in India". Deutsche Welle. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  20. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Fani Slams India's Odisha State, Its Strongest Landfall Since 1999". weather.com. The Weather Company. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  21. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01B (Fani) Warning 027. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  22. ^ TC Advisory 28. India Meteorological Department (Report). 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  23. ^ TC Advisory 30. India Meteorological Department (Report). Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  24. ^ Bulletin 65 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). 4 May 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  25. ^ " Cyclone Fani: The tug-of-war between regional warming and anthropogenic aerosol effects" https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab91e7
  26. ^ "Cyclone Fani churns toward India, prompting evacuation of almost 1 million". CBS News. AFP. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  27. ^ Wright, Pam (2 May 2019). "Tropical Cyclone Fani Nears India as Country Works to Evacuate Hundreds of Thousands". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
  28. ^ a b Mohanty, Debabrata; Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (4 May 2019). "Fani leaves trail of devastation; India, Bangladesh count losses". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  29. ^ a b Kumar, Hari; Gettleman, Jeffrey; Yasir, Sameer (3 May 2019). "How Do You Save a Million People From a Cyclone? Ask a Poor State in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  30. ^ "Cyclone Fani: Naval ships, aircraft on standby". The Hindu. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  31. ^ "Bangladesh prepares for Fani as cyclonic storm draws near". Dhaka Tribune. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  32. ^ "Bangladesh Navy prepared to face Fani with 32 ships". Dhaka Tribune. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  33. ^ "12 lakh moved to shelters". The Daily Star. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  34. ^ Ahmad, Adil. "India: Death toll from cyclone Fani climbs to 64". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  35. ^ "Cyclone Fani kills at least 15 as it moves to Bangladesh". Khaleej Times. Associated Press. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  36. ^ Jena, Suryakant (8 May 2019). "Srimandir Loss During Cyclone Fani Pegged At 5.1 Crore". Odisha TV. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  37. ^ "Cyclone Fani: SOA university faces damage of Rs 30 crore". The New Indian Express. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  38. ^ "Odisha estimates loss at ₹12,000 Cr due to cyclone Fani". The Hindu Business Line. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  39. ^ Nanda, Prashant K. (7 May 2019). "Cyclone Fani-ravaged Odisha seeks ₹17,000 crore central assistance". Livemint. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  40. ^ "Cyclone Fani: Over Rs 1,000 crore released in advance, says PM Modi". DNA India. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  41. ^ Misra, Yagnya Valkya (2 October 2019). "The environmental devastation of Cyclone Fani". The Caravan. Delhi Press. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  42. ^ "Andhra Pradesh pegs loss due to Cyclone Fani at ₹58.62 crore". The Hindu. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  43. ^ "SCR incurs Rs. 2.98 crore loss due to cyclone Fani". Telangana Today. 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  44. ^ "Cyclone Fani leaves trail of destruction in Bangladesh; 17 dead, several hurt". Northeast Now. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  45. ^ "Cyclone Fani: 14 killed in 8 districts". Dhaka Tribune. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  46. ^ "Fani damaged crops worth Tk 38.5 cr: Agriculture Minister". The Daily Star. 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  47. ^ "Fani storm loss estimated at Tk 536 crore". Banglanews24.com. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  48. ^ "Fani damages 53,000 acres of cropland, 13,000 houses". The Daily Star. 4 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Mangaluru medical team in Odisha". The Hindu. 27 May 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  50. ^ "City NGOs organise relief drive for cyclone-hit Odisha". The Times of India. 26 May 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
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