David Moniac (December 25, 1802 – November 21, 1836) was a United States Army soldier of Muscogee descent. He was the first Native American and first non-white graduate of any race from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1822.[1] He was born into a prominent family of Upper Creeks, and was related to major Creek leaders on both sides of his family. Moniac was also the first cadet to enter West Point from the new state of Alabama. Moniac resigned his commission in 1822 to manage his clan's property in Alabama, where he developed a cotton plantation.
David Moniac | |
|---|---|
| Born | December 25, 1802 Near Pintlala, Alabama, United States |
| Died | November 21, 1836 (aged 33) Sumter County, Florida, United States |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service |  United States Army |
| Rank |  Major |
| Unit | 6th Infantry Regiment |
| Known for | First Native American to graduate from West Point |
| Battles / wars | |
| Alma mater | West Point Military Academy |
In 1836, during the Second Seminole War in Florida, Moniac was commissioned as a Captain and selected to command a unit of Muscogee mercenaries who were hired to help fight against the Seminoles. Most of the officers who commanded the Muscogee mercenaries were White, and he was the only Native American among these officers. Moniac was killed by Seminole warriors at the Battle of Wahoo Swamp. In the 1990s, his remains were transferred from a local cemetery to the newly established Florida National Cemetery for military veterans, a few miles away.
Early life and education
editDavid A. Moniac, as his name was sometimes recorded, was the son of the prosperous Creek merchant Samuel Moniac and Elizabeth Weatherford, both mixed-race Creek. His mother was the sister of the Creek leader William Weatherford, and his great-uncle was Alexander McGillivray, an important Creek chief on his mother's side.[1] The Creek had a matrilineal kinship system, so Moniac was considered to be born into his mother's Wind Clan and gained his social status there.[1] Moniac's maternal uncle would have been more important to his upbringing than his father. The Moniac family lived in present-day Montgomery County, Alabama, near the unincorporated community of Pintlala.[2] His father served with the U.S. forces in the Creek War, as he was allied with the Lower Creek who were more assimilated. They defeated the Red Sticks.
At this time, the United States was encouraging assimilation of the Creek and other tribes of the Southeast to European-American ways. They became known as the Five Civilized Tribes, for they adopted many aspects of U.S. culture.
The 1790 Treaty of New York and the Fort Jackson Treaty, which concluded the Creek War, included provisions for the education of the Creek people.[3] His father's military service, most likely enabled Moniac to get an appointment in 1817 to the U.S. Military Academy, located in New York. No doubt a role was played by John Crowell, Alabama's first member of the House of Representatives and after that, Indian agent to the Creeks (which usually meant a Creek wife; white husbands were coveted). Before starting there, Moniac studied with John McLeod, a tutor in Washington, D.C, to prepare for the entrance exam and classes.[1] At his request, he repeated a year of college;[1] he graduated 39 out of 40 in 1822, although the 40 were the survivors of an entering class of 117.[4]
Moniac served for five months as a Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Sixth Infantry, but resigned his commission on December 31, 1822. President Madison was encouraging Army officers to resign, as in 1821, the War of 1812 and First Seminole Wars over, Congress had cut the size of the Army and West Point was graduating more officers than the Army could use.[4] He returned to Alabama to deal with clan property.[1]
Return to Alabama
editMoniac returned to Alabama, where he settled in Baldwin County. He developed a cotton plantation and bred thoroughbred race horses. He married Mary Powell, a Creek who was a cousin of the Seminole leader Osceola. Among their children was a son, David A. Moniac, who served as sheriff of Baldwin County,[5] where the Moniac descendants stayed. Sheriff Moniac is buried in the Old Methodist Church in Daphne, Alabama. The plantation home, built in the 1830s, still stands today. It may be the oldest house in Baldwin County. It is located on Gantt Road in Little River, Alabama. Edit added 6/7/2022 - About 3 years ago the home burned. There is nothing but a few brick pillars left that supported the home.
Second Seminole War
editFourteen years after he graduated from West Point, with the outbreak of the Second Seminole War in 1836, Moniac was called twice into service: he first served with the Alabama militia to suppress an uprising of displaced Creek. Indian removal had started in the Southeast, as tribes were relocated to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
In August 1836, Moniac was commissioned as a captain of the Creek Mounted Volunteer Regiment. It was a volunteer unit of Creek warriors led by white officers on leave from regular units. He was the only Native American officer in the unit.[1] The regiment patrolled and skirmished with the Seminole in Florida along the Withlacoochee River. He was promoted to major in November.
That month, Territorial Governor Richard K. Call took a force of 2500 regular soldiers, Moniac and his Creek volunteers, and Tennessee and Florida militia from Ft. Drane, to the Wahoo Swamp on the Withlacoochee River. They were to find and destroy the stronghold of Seminole Chief Jumper. In what would become known as the Battle of Wahoo Swamp, Call's force attacked an estimated mixed force of 600 Seminole and African-American warriors, who were defending their families. The deep water blocked the American force. Moniac ran ahead into the water to encourage his men to cross. He was shot dead by the Seminoles.[1]
General Call called off the attack after taking fierce fire from the Seminole camp, and being unsure if the water was fordable. The American dead from the battle were buried near those killed the previous December in 1835 at the nearby Dade's Massacre site, where the Seminole defeated U.S. Army forces.[6] Later all the bodies were moved for burial at the St. Augustine National Cemetery.[1]
Honors
edit- In the 1990s, Major Moniac's remains were transferred and reinterred in the Florida National Cemetery, as a recognition of his military service. The new cemetery was established a few miles from the Wahoo Swamp Battlefield.
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i James Lamar Appleton, "David Moniac", Encyclopedia of Alabama, 2007-2011, accessed 20 November 2013
- ^ Wright, Jr., Amos J. (2003). Historic Indian Towns in Alabama, 1540-1838. University of Alabama Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-8173-1251-X.
- ^ "Treaty of New York (1790)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
- ^ a b Cauley, Donna R. "Lt. David Moniac, a Creek Native American, was the first minority graduate of West Point". Alabama Pioneers. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
- ^ National Genealogical Society Quarterly. National Genealogical Society. 1997. p. 169.
- ^ Mishall, John and Mary Lou Mishall. 2004. The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2715-2. pp. 90–91, 95–97.
Further reading
edit- Griffin, Benjamin. "Lt. David Moniac, Creek Indian: First Minority Graduate of West Point." Alabama Historical Quarterly 2 (Summer 1981): 99–110.
- Mahon, John K. (1991) "History of the Second Seminole War 1835-1842" Revised Edition. University Presses of Florida/Gainesville. ISBN 0-8130-1097-7.
- Sprague, John T, Brevet Captain, 8th Regt US Inf. (2000) "The Florida War." A reproduction of the 1848 edition. University of Tampa Press; ISBN 1-879852-69-1.
External links
edit- "Service Profile: David Moniac", Gazetteer
- David Moniac at Find a Grave