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Encirclement

Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces.[1] The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcements, and on the tactical level, the units in the force can be subject to an attack from several sides. Lastly, since the force cannot retreat, unless it is relieved or can break out, it must fight to the death or surrender.

Diagram of the encirclement of ISIS forces in the Second Battle of Tikrit (2015). The blue arrows indicate allied attacks, while the red line is the line of encirclement as of 9 March 2015.
Encirclement of Stalingrad
An encirclement during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

A special kind of encirclement is the siege. In that case, the encircled forces are enveloped in a fortified position in which long-lasting supplies and strong defences are in place, allowing them to withstand attacks. Sieges have taken place in almost all eras of warfare.

History

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Encirclement has been used throughout the centuries by military leaders, including generals such as Spartacus, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, Khalid bin Waleed, Hannibal, Sun Tzu, Yi Sun Shin, Shaka Zulu, von Wallenstein, Nader Shah, Napoleon, von Moltke, Heinz Guderian, von Rundstedt, von Manstein, Zhukov, Patton and Soleimani.

Sun Tzu and other military thinkers suggest that an army should be not completely encircled but instead given some room for escape. Otherwise, the "encircled" army's men will lift their morale and fight to the death. It is better to have them consider the possibility of a retreat.[2] Once the enemy retreats, it can be pursued and captured or destroyed with far less risk to the pursuing forces than a fight to the death.

Types of encirclement

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The main form of encircling, the "double pincer", is executed by attacks on the flanks of a battle whose mobile forces of the era, such as light infantry, cavalry, tanks, or armoured personnel carriers attempt to force a breakthrough to utilize their speed to join behind the back of the enemy force and complete the "ring" while the main enemy force is stalled by probing attacks. The encirclement of the German Sixth Army in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 is a typical example. During the Winter War, Finland used "pocket tactics" against the Soviet Union, called motti; in the context of war, motti describes a tactic that the Finns used to immobilise, segment, surround and destroy the Soviet troops that were many times as large as them.[3]

If there is a natural obstacle, such as ocean or mountains on one side of the battlefield, only one pincer is needed ("single pincer"), because the function of the second arm is taken over by the natural obstacle.[4] The German attack into the lowlands of France in 1940 is a typical example of this.

A third and rare type of encirclement can ensue from a breakthrough in an area of the enemy front, and exploiting that with mobile forces, diverging in two or more directions behind the enemy line. Full encirclement rarely follows, but the threat of it severely hampers the defender's options. This type of attack pattern is centerpiece to blitzkrieg operations. Because of the extreme difficulty of this operation, it cannot be executed unless the offensive force has a vast superiority, either in technology, organization, or sheer numbers. The Barbarossa campaign of 1941 saw some examples.

The danger to the encircling force is that it is, itself, cut off from its logistical base; if the encircled force is able to stand firm, or maintain a supply route, the encircling force can be thrown into confusion (for example, Rommel's "Dash to the Wire" in 1941 and the Demyansk Pocket in 1942) or be comprehensively destroyed (as during the Burma campaign, in 1944).

Notable encirclement battles

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Some examples of battles of encirclement are listed below.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "U.S. Army FM 3-90 Appendix D, Encirclement Operations". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-01-23. Encirclement operations are operations where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an opposing force is able to isolate it by controlling all ground lines of communication and reinforcement.
  2. ^ Sun Tzu, The Art of War, Section VII: Maneuvering, line 36.
  3. ^ How Finns used the 'motti' tactic to entrap Soviets in Winter War
  4. ^ "U.S. Army FM 3-90 Appendix D-1 OFFENSIVE ENCIRCLEMENT OPERATIONS". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2012-01-23. However, they can occur in situations where the attacking commander uses a major obstacle, such as a shoreline, as a second encircling force.
  5. ^ a b c committee of former German officers (1952). Operations of Encircled Forces: German Experiences in Russia (Pamphlet 20-234). Historical Study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Army. Archived from the original on 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2013-01-23. The German term for an encirclement is Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle).
  6. ^ "Iraqi forces seek to encircle IS fighters in Tikrit". BBC. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
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