Esquimalt

For other uses, see Esquimalt (disambiguation).

The Township of Esquimalt (/ɪˈskwaɪmɔːlt/) is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is bordered to the east by the provincial capital, Victoria, to the south by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the west by Esquimalt Harbour and Royal Roads, to the northwest by the New Songhees 1A Indian reserve and the town of View Royal, and to the north by a narrow inlet of water called the Gorge, across which is the district municipality of Saanich. It is almost tangential to Esquimalt 1 Indian Reserve near Admirals Road. It is one of the 13 municipalities of Greater Victoria and part of the Capital Regional District.

Esquimalt
District municipality
Corporation of the Township of Esquimalt
View of Esquimalt from the Highrock Cairn
Esquimalt Location of Esquimalt within the Capital Regional District
Esquimalt Location of Esquimalt within British Columbia Esquimalt Esquimalt (British Columbia)
Coordinates: 48°25′56″N 123°24′21″W
Country	Canada
Province	British Columbia
Regional district	Capital
Incorporated	1912
Government
• Type	Municipal council
• Mayor	Barb Desjardins
• City Council	Esquimalt Municipal Council
• MP	Randall Garrison (NDP)
• MLA	Mitzi Dean (NDP)
Area
• Land	7.08 km2 (2.73 sq mi)
Elevation	10 m (30 ft)
Population  (2021)
• Total	17,533
• Density	2,476.7/km2 (6,415/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Highways	1A
Waterways	Strait of Juan de Fuca
Website	www.esquimalt.ca

Esquimalt had a population of 17,533 in 2021. It covers 7.08 km² (2.73 sq mi). It is home to the Pacific fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy.

History

The region now known as Esquimalt was settled by First Nations people approximately 4000 years before the arrival of Europeans. The treaties of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), signed in 1843, refer to these people as the Kosampsom group, though they are now known as the Esquimalt Nation. The word Esquimalt is a transliteration of "Ess-whoy-malth," a phrase usually translated as "place of the shoaling waters." The Songhees people (then called Songish), who now have a reserve in Esquimalt, were originally located on the western shore of what is now Victoria Harbour, but were relocated in 1911. Both nations spoke a North Straits Salish dialect called Lekwungen (which is also an alternate name for the Songhees).

The first Europeans to reach Esquimalt were the Spanish expedition of Manuel Quimper in Princesa Real in 1790, with Gonzalo López de Haro and Juan Carrasco as pilotos (equivalent to master). Quimper entered and carefully mapped Esquimalt Harbour, which his first mate named Puerto de Córdova after the 46th viceroy of New Spain. Quimper claimed the region for Spain and placed a wooden cross on a hill. When the Spanish returned later that summer the cross had vanished. In 1792 Captain George Vancouver extensively explored the region. Following resolution of the Nootka Crisis, control of the region went to the British and the British owned HBC.

At Esquimalt, B.C., the sternwheel steamboat Lady Alexandra photographed sometime after 1874

In 1843, near the height of the Oregon Question, the HBC was looking for a new location for its Pacific base of operations. John McLoughlin, the company's chief factor at Fort Vancouver, ordered James Douglas to build a new fort on Vancouver Island. Douglas liked Esquimalt Harbour, but rejected it as a site for a fort because there were too many trees there. Douglas chose a spot on the eastern shore of Victoria Harbour at the mouth of the Gorge Inlet. He called it Fort Camosun, but later renamed it Fort Victoria in honour of the British Queen.

However, ships continued to use Esquimalt Harbour to load and offload passengers and supplies. In 1852, sailors from a British naval ship, HMS Thetis, built a trail through the forest linking the harbour with Victoria Harbour and the fort. This trail, since paved over, is now one of Esquimalt's main streets, Old Esquimalt Road.

Meanwhile, the HBC decided to try its hand at farming. Douglas leased all of Vancouver Island for seven shillings a year from Great Britain, and had a division of the HBC, the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, come in to develop the land. The Viewfield farm was the first in 1850, with the Constance Cove farm and Craigflower farms added later. The Craigflower farmhouse still exists as a heritage site, as does the Craigflower schoolhouse built to serve the settlers' children. Thomas Mackenzie, the bailiff in charge of the farm, named it for the ancestral home of one of his superiors. By the mid-1860s, the farms were considered failures and abandoned, and the property sold off in small parcels.

In 1855, the British Royal Navy constructed three hospital buildings on the harbour to treat casualties of the Crimean War. A small settlement grew up on the water's edge near the naval installation. In 1858, the discovery of gold on the Fraser River triggered a massive influx of people, who came to Fort Victoria to buy permits and supplies before setting out for the mainland. Many of these ships landed in Esquimalt Harbour. Some of these people stayed in the area, including a few who opened up pubs, as well as some less-than-successful gold miners. With the growing population came the area's first building boom.

Even after the Oregon Treaty of 1846, the boundary between the British Gulf Islands and the U.S. islands in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound was not fully defined. An incident involving an American settler shooting an HBC farm pig on San Juan Island led to the Pig War with the United States in 1859.

In 1865, the Royal Navy relocated the headquarters of its Pacific fleet from Valparaíso, Chile, to Esquimalt Harbour. In 1887, a military base was located at Work Point. In 1905, the Royal Navy abandoned the Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard, but the Pacific base of the new Royal Canadian Navy replaced it in 1910. Gradually, naval life and shipbuilding came to dominate the region's sense of identity. On September 1, 1912, Esquimalt was incorporated as a District Municipality. After World War I, it became one of Canada's major shipbuilding capitals. In 1887, the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway was built through the centre of town.

In June 2010, the Royal Canadian Navy celebrated its 100th anniversary with a fleet review in the waters off Greater Victoria, by Canada's Governor General Michaëlle Jean. The review was attended by warships from Canada, France, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, the United States, and US and Canadian Coast Guard vessels.

Geography

The Olympic Mountains, from Esquimalt, 1900.

Neighbourhoods of Esquimalt:

• Craigflower
• Colville Road
• Gorge Vale Golf
• Esquimalt Village
• Parklands
• Panhandle Alley
• Rock Heights
• Saxe Point
• West Bay
• Work Point (DND)

Although the neighbourhood of Victoria (Vic) West is located on the Esquimalt Peninsula, it is part of the city of Victoria.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Esquimalt had a population of 17,533 living in 8,565 of its 8,995 total private dwellings, a change of -0.7% from its 2016 population of 17,655. With a land area of 7.08 km² (2.73 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,476.4/km² (6,413.9/sq mi) in 2021.

Historical census populations – Esquimalt

Year Pop. ±% 1941 3,737 —     1951 10,153 +171.7% 1956 10,384 +2.3% 1961 12,048 +16.0% 1966 12,891 +7.0% 1971 12,922 +0.2%	Year Pop. ±% 1976 15,053 +16.5% 1981 15,870 +5.4% 1986 15,972 +0.6% 1991 16,192 +1.4% 1996 16,151 −0.3% 2001 16,127 −0.1%	Year Pop. ±% 2006 16,209 +0.5% 2011 16,840 +3.9% 2016 17,655 +4.8% 2021 17,533 −0.7%
Population counts are not adjusted for boundary changes. Source: Statistics Canada

Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the District of Esquimalt (1996−2021)

Panethnic group	2021		2016		2011		2006		2001		1996
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
European	13,955	80.71%	14,010	82.78%	13,760	86.35%	14,705	88.03%	14,390	89.99%	14,540	90.88%
Indigenous	970	5.61%	1,190	7.03%	1,080	6.78%	930	5.57%	730	4.57%	730	4.56%
Southeast Asian	635	3.67%	485	2.87%	350	2.2%	230	1.38%	240	1.5%	190	1.19%
East Asian	505	2.92%	490	2.9%	250	1.57%	375	2.24%	325	2.03%	210	1.31%
African	405	2.34%	275	1.62%	140	0.88%	120	0.72%	140	0.88%	90	0.56%
South Asian	305	1.76%	195	1.15%	155	0.97%	160	0.96%	55	0.34%	120	0.75%
Latin American	215	1.24%	110	0.65%	105	0.66%	155	0.93%	90	0.56%	45	0.28%
Middle Eastern	105	0.61%	80	0.47%	0	0%	20	0.12%	15	0.09%	10	0.06%
Other/Multiracial	190	1.1%	95	0.56%	65	0.41%	30	0.18%	10	0.06%	55	0.34%
Total responses	17,290	98.61%	16,925	95.87%	15,935	98.31%	16,705	99.2%	15,990	99.15%	16,000	99.07%
Total population	17,533	100%	17,655	100%	16,209	100%	16,840	100%	16,127	100%	16,151	100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Esquimalt included:

• Irreligion (10,705 persons or 61.9%)
• Christianity (5,540 persons or 32.0%)
• Buddhism (265 persons or 1.5%)
• Islam (150 persons or 0.9%)
• Judaism (120 persons or 0.7%)
• Hinduism (60 persons or 0.3%)
• Sikhism (50 persons or 0.3%)
• Indigenous Spirituality (35 persons or 0.2%)

Communications

In the past, Esquimalt has been served by various incarnations of newspapers. Esquimalt ceased having its own newspaper in 2007 when the Esquimalt News by the Black Press folded and merged with the neighbouring Victoria News.

Esquimalt, however, regained its own local community news source in October 2009 with the creation of the online journal Esquimalt Review.

Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt

Main article: CFB Esquimalt

CFB Esquimalt

Canadian Forces Base Esquimalt (CFB Esquimalt) is home to Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) of the Royal Canadian Navy. The base facility dates back to the fur trade era, before the founding of the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849. It was first established as a military installation by the Royal Navy in 1855, and has been operated by the Royal Canadian Navy since 1910.

Education

Residents are zoned to schools in the Greater Victoria School District.

See also

• List of francophone communities in British Columbia

References

• Community Profile: Esquimalt District Municipality, British Columbia; Statistics Canada Archived 2016-05-23 at the Wayback Machine

External links

• Official website