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Ferae

Ferae (/ˈfɪəriː/ FEER-ee, Latin: [ˈfɛrae̯], "wild beasts") is a mirorder of placental mammals[9][10] in grandorder Ferungulata, that groups together clades Pan-Carnivora (that includes carnivorans and their fossil relatives) and Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their fossil relatives).

Ferae
Temporal range: 79.47–0 Ma Late Cretaceous to present[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Grandorder: Ferungulata
Mirorder: Ferae
Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Subgroups
[see classification]
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Carnaria (Haeckel, 1866)[3]
  • Carnassia (Haeckel, 1895)[4]
  • Carnivora (Zagorodniuk, 2008)[5]
  • Carnivoramorpha (Kalandadze & Rautian, 1992)[6]
  • Ferina (Newman, 1843)[7]
  • Ostentoria (Amrine-Madsen, 2003)[8]
  • Rapacia (Newman, 1843)
  • Sarcotheria (Haeckel, 1895)

General characteristics

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In mirorder Ferae

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The common feature for members of this mirorder is ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.[11][12]

 
forefoot of Patriomanis americana
 
forefoot of Vulpavus profectus
 
forefoot of
Thinocyon medius
 
forefoot of Patriofelis ferox

In clade Pan-Carnivora

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The common features for members of clade Pan-Carnivora are:

  • heterodont teeth that are sharp and for cutting meat,
  • canine teeth that are usually large, conical, pointed, thick and stress resistant,
  • and presence of the carnassial teeth.

Carnassials are feature that allows distinguishing the Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta and Hyaenodonta from the other carnivorous placental mammals.[11] However, these mammals are distinguished between themselves based on the position of the carnassial teeth and the number of molars. The carnassial teeth of the Carnivoramorpha are located in P4 and m1, in Oxyaenodonta are M1 and m2, and in Hyaenodonta and close relatives are M2 and m3. This appears to be a case of a possible evolutionary convergent adaptation toward similar diet.[11]

 
Comparison of carnassial teeth of a carnivoran (wolf), a hyaenodontid (Hyaenodon) and an oxyaenid (Oxyaena)
 
lower jaws of Wyolestes dioctes
 
lower jaw of Simidectes medius

Classification and phylogeny

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Sister groups to Ferae

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According to recent studies, the closest relatives of Ferae are members of clade Pan-Euungulata (group that includes mirorder Euungulata[13][14] and extinct genus Protungulatum). Together they form grandorder Ferungulata.

An alternate phylogeny holds that the closest relative to Ferae is order Perissodactyla, with whom they form a clade Zooamata. Together, clade Zooamata and order Chiroptera form clade Pegasoferae,[15] and Pegasoferae is sister taxon to order Artiodactyla within clade Scrotifera. However, subsequent molecular studies have generally failed to support this proposal.[16][17][18][19][20]

Position of pangolins and creodonts within clade

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Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of aardvark and xenarthrans, forming to the now obsolete order Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique[21] and comparison of protein and DNA sequences[22][23][24] revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans, with whom they also share a few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist. The last common ancestor of extant Ferae is supposed to have diversified c. 79.47 million years ago.[1]

While there has been strong support in the inclusion of order Creodonta into Ferae, they were usually recovered as sister taxon to order Carnivora.[9] The Halliday et al. (2015) phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of morphological characters of Paleocene placentals found instead that creodonts might be the sister group to Pholidotamorpha (pangolins and their stem-relatives).[25] However, recent studies have shown that Creodonta is an invalid polyphyletic taxon. Members of this group are now part of clade Pan-Carnivora and sister taxa to Carnivoramorpha (carnivorans and their stem-relatives), split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and on the other side order Hyaenodonta plus its stem-relatives, like family Wyolestidae (that only contains genus Wyolestes),[26] genus Simidectes[27][28] and clade made of genera Altacreodus and Tinerhodon.[29][30][31][32][33]

Taxonomy

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Former classification (McKenna & Bell, 1997):[10] Current classification:

Alternative classification and possible fossil members

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In Halliday et al. (2015) various enigmatic Palaeocene eutherian mammals have been proposed to be possible members of Ferae, like members of orders Mesonychia, Pantodonta and Taeniodonta, and families Arctocyonidae, Didelphodontidae, Nyctitheriidae, Palaeoryctidae, Periptychidae and Triisodontidae.[25] Mesonychians are proposed to be a sister group to carnivoramorphs, while arctocyonids were polyphyletic, with genera Arctocyon and Loxolophus as a sister taxa to pantodonts and periptychids, Goniacodon and Eoconodon sister to the Carnivoramorpha-Mesonychia clade, and other genera allied with creodonts and palaeoryctids.[25] This enlarged Ferae was also found to be the sister group to order Chiroptera,[25] even though recent studies dispute this classification.[35][36]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.) "Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals"
  2. ^ "'Ferae' – The Linnean Collections". linnean-online.org. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  3. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1866.) "Generelle Morphologie der Organismen." Berlin: Georg Reimer.
  4. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1895). Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere (in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer.
  5. ^ Zagorodniuk, I. (2008.) "Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" Visnyk of Lviv University, Biology series, Is. 48. P. 33-43
  6. ^ Kalandadze, N. N. and S. A. Rautian (1992.) "Systema mlekopitayushchikh i istorygeskaya zoogeographei [The system of mammals and historical zoogeography]." Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeya Moskovskogo Goschdarstvennoro Universiteta 29:44–152.
  7. ^ Edward Newman (1843.) "The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)", London, J. Van Voorst
  8. ^ Amrine-madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28 (2): 225–240. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0. PMID 12878460.
  9. ^ a b McKenna, M. C. (1975). "Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia". In Luckett, W. P.; Szalay, F. S. (eds.). Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum. pp. 21–46.
  10. ^ a b McKenna, M. C.; Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-231-52853-5. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254–261
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  17. ^ Springer, M.S.; Burk-Herrick, A.; Meredith, R.; Eizirik, E.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S.J.; Murphy, W.J. (2007). "The adequacy of morphology for reconstructing the early history of placental mammals". Systematic Biology. 56 (4): 673–684. doi:10.1080/10635150701491149. PMID 17661234.
  18. ^ Kitazoe, Yasuhiro; Kishino, Hirohisa; Waddell, Peter J.; Nakajima, Noriaki; Okabayashi, Takahisa; Watabe, Teruaki; Okuhara, Yoshiyasu (2007). Hahn, Matthew (ed.). "Robust Time Estimation Reconciles Views of the Antiquity of Placental Mammals". PLOS ONE. 2 (4): e384. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..384K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000384. PMC 1849890. PMID 17440620.
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  20. ^ Tsagkogeorga, G; Parker, J; Stupka, E; Cotton, JA; Rossiter, SJ (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats (Chiroptera)". Current Biology. 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098. S2CID 9133016.
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  23. ^ Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Kao, Diana J.; DeBry, Ronald W.; Adkins, Ronald; Amrine, Heather M.; Stanhope, Michael J.; de Jong, Wilfried W.; Springer, Mark S. (2001). "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 610–614. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..610M. doi:10.1038/35054544. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11214318. S2CID 4398233.
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  27. ^ S. P. Zack and S. Tomiya (2016.) "New postcrania clarify the affinities of the unusual Eocene mammal Simidectes", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 76th annual meeting"
  28. ^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
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  31. ^ Prevosti, F. J., & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018). "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
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