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Forgery Act 1830

The Forgery Act 1830 (11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. 66) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated for England and Wales all legislation imposing the death penalty for forgery (except for counterfeiting coins) into one act. Two years later, the Forgery, Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 123) abolished the death penalty for most of these offences. The Forgery Act 1837 (7 Will. 4. & 1 Vict. c 84) abolished the death penalty for the remaining offences.

Forgery Act 1830[a]
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act for reducing into One Act all such Forgeries as shall henceforth be punished with Death, and for otherwise amending the Laws relative to Forgery.
Citation11 Geo. 4 & 1 Will. 4. c. 66
Introduced bySir Robert Peel MP (Commons)
Territorial extent United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent23 July 1830
Commencement21 July 1830[b]
Other legislation
AmendsSee § Repealed acts
Repeals/revokesSee § Repealed acts
Amended byCriminal Statutes Repeal Act 1861
Relates to
History of passage through Parliament
Records of Parliamentary debate relating to the statute from Hansard
Text of statute as originally enacted

Background

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In the United Kingdom, acts of Parliament remain in force until expressly repealed. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, published in the late 18th-century, raised questions about the system and structure of the common law and the poor drafting and disorder of the existing statute book.[1]

In 1806, the Commission on Public Records passed a resolution requesting the production of a report on the best mode of reducing the volume of the statute book.[2] From 1810 to 1825, The Statutes of the Realm was published, providing for the first time the authoritative collection of acts.[2] In 1816, both Houses of Parliament, passed resolutions that an eminent lawyer with 20 clerks be commissioned to make a digest of the statutes, which was declared "very expedient to be done." However, this was never done.[3]

In 1812, William Booth was the last person to be hanged for forgery in England. A public outcry at the harshness of his sentence resulted in the death penalty in England and Wales being reserved for capital crimes, making Booth the last person in England hanged for a non-capital crime.[4]

In 1822, Sir Robert Peel entered the cabinet as home secretary and in 1826 introduced a number of reforms to the English criminal law, which became known as Peel's Acts. This included efforts to modernise, consolidate and repeal provisions from a large number of earlier statutes, including:[5]

In 1827, several acts were passed for this purpose, territorially limited to England and Wales and Scotland, including:

In 1828, parallel bills for Ireland to Peel's Acts were introduced, becoming:[6]

In 1828, the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 31) was passed, which consolidated provisions in the law relating to offences against the person and repealed for England and Wales almost 60 statutes relating to the Criminal law. In 1829, the Offences Against the Person (Ireland) Act 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. 34) was passed, which consolidated provisions in the law relating to offences against the person and repealed for Ireland almost 60 statutes relating to the Criminal law.

In 1828, the Criminal Law (India) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 74) was passed, which repealed for India offences repealed by the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27) the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 31).

Passage

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In 1830, several petitions were made to Parliament of the United Kingdom to abolish the death penalty in relation to offences of forgery:[7]

Leave to bring in the Forgeries Punishment Bill was granted to the home secretary Sir Robert Peel MP, the Attorney General, James Scarlett MP, and the Solicitor General, Sir Edward Sugden MP, and the Bill had its first reading in the House of Commons on 1 April 1830.[7] On 8 April 1830, the House of Commons ordered that an address be presented to King George IV by the Privy Council providing the number of people executed for forgery in the previous ten years and the nature of their offences.[7] This address was reported on 11 May 1830 and was presented by Sir William Peel MP on 17 May 1830.[7] A similar address for Ireland was ordered on 18 May 1830, for the Bank of England was returned on 21 May 1830 and for Scotland on 26 May 1830, presented by Sir William Peel MP.[7] The Bill had its second reading in the House of Commons on 26 April 1830 and was committed to a Committee of the Whole House,[7] which met on 24 May 1830. The debate centred around the abolition of the death penalty for the offence of forgery and an amendment to do so was defeated by a majority of 16.[9] The Committee reported on 25 May 1830, with amendments.[7] The Bill had its third reading in the House of Commons on 8 June 1830.[7]

The Bill had its first reading in the House of Lords on 10 June 1830.[10] The Bill had its second reading in the House of Lords on 1 July 1830 and was committed to a Committee of the Whole House, which met on 1 July 1830 and reported on 2 July 1830, with amendments.[10] The amended Bill was considered by the House of Lords on 5 July 1830 and was re-committed to a Committee of the Whole House,[10] which met on 5 July 1830 and reported on 9 July 1830, with amendments.[10] A Motion to re-commit the Bill due to the continuation of the death penalty for offences of forgery was rejected on 13 July 1830 and the Bill had its third reading in the House of Lords on 13 July 1830.[10]

The amended Bill was considered and agreed to by the House of Commons on 20 July 1830.

The Bill was granted royal assent on 23 July 1830.[10]

Provisions

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Section 2 – Forging the Great Seal, Privy Seal, Privy Signet, Royal Sign Manual etc., treason and capital

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This section replaced the corresponding provisions in the Treason Act 1351 and the Treason (No. 2) Act 1553 (1 Mar. Sess. 2. c. 6).[11] (This form of treason was reduced to felony when section 2 was replaced by the Forgery Act 1861.)

Section 21 – Rector etc. not liable to any penalty for correcting, in the mode prescribed, accidental errors in the register

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This section read:

Provided always, and be it enacted, That no Rector, Vicar, Curate, or officiating Minister of any Parish, District-Parish, or Chapelry, who shall discover any Error in the Form or Substance of the Entry in the Register of any Baptism, Marriage, or Burial respectively by him solemnized, shall be liable to any of the Penalties herein mentioned if he shall within One Calendar Month after the Discovery of such Error, in the Presence of the Parent or Parents of the Child baptized, or of the Parties married, or in the Presence of Two Persons who shall have attended at any Burial, or in the Case of the Death or Absence of the respective Parties aforesaid, then in the Presence of the Churchwardens or the Chapelwardens, correct the Entry which shall have been found erroneous, according to the Truth of the Case, by Entry in the Margin of the Register wherein such erroneous Entry shall have been made, without any Alteration or Obliteration of the original Entry, and shall sign such Entry in the Margin, and add to such Signature the Day of the Month and Year when such Correction shall be made; and such Correction and Signature shall be attested by the Parties in whose Presence the same are directed to be made as aforesaid: Provided also, that in the Copy of the Register which shall be transmitted to the Registrar of the Diocese, the said Rector, Vicar, Curate or officiating Minister shall certify the Corrections so made by him as aforesaid.

Nothing contained in the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 95) in any manner altered or affected any power or authority given by this section to alter or amend any register of births, baptisms, marriages, deaths or burials.[12]

The words "and be it enacted" were repealed by section 1 of, and the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 57).[13]

This section was repealed by section 26(2) of, and Schedule 4 to, the Parochial Registers and Records Measure 1978 (No. 2). It is replaced by section 4 of that Measure.

Legacy

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Subsequent developments

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At the start of the parliamentary session in 1853, Lord Cranworth announced his intention to the improvement of the statute law and in March 1853, appointed the Board for the Revision of the Statute Law to repeal expired statutes and continue consolidation, with a wider remit that included civil law.[2] The Board issued three reports, recommending the creation of a permanent body for statute law reform.

In 1854, Lord Cranworth appointed the Royal Commission for Consolidating the Statute Law to consolidate existing statutes and enactments of English law.[2] The Commission made four reports. Recommendations made by the Commission were implemented by the Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. 64).

On 17 February 1860, the Attorney General, Sir Richard Bethell told the House of Commons that he had engaged Sir Francis Reilly and A. J. Wood to expurgate the statute book of all acts which, though not expressly repealed, were not in force, working backwards from the present time.[2]

In 1861, bills were introduced to consolidate and modernise the criminal law, drafted by Charles Sprengel Greaves across:[14]

In 1861, the Criminal Law Consolidation Acts were passed:

Repealed acts

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The territorial terms of the act led to several acts being for the avoidance of doubt for Scotland and Ireland repealed by later Statute Law Revision Acts, including:

Repeal

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This act was adopted in New South Wales by section 1 of the act 4 Will. 4 No 4.[18]

The whole act, except for section 21, was repealed on 1 November 1861 by section 1 of, and the schedule to, the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 95).

The whole act, except section 21, was repealed as to New Zealand by section 3 of, and the First Part of the Schedule to, the Repeals Act 1878 (42 Vict. c. 28).[19]

The words " marriage " and " or of the parties married " in section 21 of the act were repealed by section 79(1) of, and the fifth schedule to, the Marriage Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 76).

The whole act was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by sections 2 and 3 and Part 4 of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 2007.

As to trial of offences under this act at quarter sessions, see section 17 of the Central Criminal Court Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will 4. c 36).[20]

Repealed acts

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Section 31 of the act repealed 27 acts, listed in that section, for England and Wales, to take effect on 20 July 1830.[11] Section 31 of the act provided that for offenses and other matters committed or done before 20 July 1830, that were previously punishable by death, the new punishment options were transportation "beyond the Seas" (likely to colonies) for life or a term not less than 7 years, or Imprisonment with or without hard labor for between 2 and 4 years.[11]

Citation Short title Description Extent of repeal
25 Edw. 3. stat. 5. c. 2 Treason Act 1351 A Statute made in the Twenty-fifth Year of the Reign of King Edward the Third As relates to counterfeiting the King's Great or Privy Seal.
1 Mar. Sess. 2. c. 6 Treason (No. 2) Act 1553 An Act passed in the first Year of the Reign of Queen Mary, intituled An Act that the counterfeiting of strange Coins being current within this Realm, the Queen's Highness' Sign Manual, Signet, or Privy Seal, be adjudged Treason. As relates to forging or counterfeiting the Queen's Sign Manual, Privy Signet, or Privy Seal.
5 Eliz. 1. c. 14 Forgery Act 1562 An Act passed in the fifth Year of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, intituled An Act against Forgers of false Deeds and Writings. The whole.
21 Jas. 1. c. 26 Fines and Recoveries Act 1623 An Act passed in the Twenty-first Year of the Reign of King James the First, intituled An Act against such as shall levy any Fine, suffer any Recovery, acknowledge any Statute, Recognizance, Bail, or Judgment in the Name of any other Person or Persons not being privy and consenting thereto. The whole.
4 Will. & Mar. c. 4 Special Bail Act 1692 An Act passed in the Fourth Year of the Reign of King William and Queen Mary, intituled An Act for taking Special Bails in the Country upon Actions and Suits depending in the Courts of King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer at Westminster. As relates to any Offence thereby made Felony.

I.e., section 4.

8 & 9 Will. 3 Bank of England Act 1696 An Act passed in the Eighth and Ninth Years of the Reign of King William the Third, intituled An Act for making good the Deficiencies of several Funds therein mentioned, and for enlarging the Capital Stock of the Bank of England, and for raising the Public Credit. As relates to forging or counterfeiting the Common Seal of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or any sealed Bank Bill, or any Bank Note, or altering or raising any Indorsement on any Bank Bill or Note.

I.e., section 36.

7 Ann. c. 21 Treason Act 1708 An Act passed in the Seventh Year of the Reign of Queen Anne, intituled An Act for improving the Union of the Two Kingdoms. As relates to counterfeiting Her Majesty's Seals, appointed by the Twenty-fourth Article of the Union to be kept, used, and continued in Scotland.

I.e., section 9.

8 Geo. 1. c. 22 National Debt (No. 3) Act 1721 An Act passed in the Eighth Year of the Reign of King George the First, intituled An Act to prevent the Mischiefs by forging Powers to transfer such Stocks or to receive such Annuities or Dividends as are therein mentioned, or by fraudulently personating the true Owners thereof; and to rectify Mistakes of the late Managers for taking Subscriptions for increasing the Capital Stock of the South Sea Company, and in the Instrument founded thereupon. As relates to any Forgery or other capital Felony therein mentioned.

I.e., section 1.

12 Geo. 1. c. 32 Suitors of Court of Chancery Act 1725 An Act passed in the Twelfth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for better securing the Monies and Effects of the Suitors of the Court of Chancery, and to prevent the counterfeiting of East India Bonds and Indorsements thereon, as likewise Indorsements on South Sea Bonds. As relates to any Person who shall forge or counterfeit, or procure to be forged or counterfeited, or wilfully act or assist in forging or counterfeiting, any Bond or Obligation of the East India Company, or any Indorsement or Assignment thereon, or on any Bond or Obligation of the South Sea Company, or shall utter or publish the same knowing the same to be forged or counterfeited.

I.e., section 9.

2 Geo. 2. c. 25 Perjury Act 1728 An Act passed in the Second Year of the Reign of King George the Second, intituled An Act for the more effectual preventing and further Punishment of Forgery, Perjury, and Subornation of Perjury, and to make it Felony to steal Bonds, Notes, or other Securities for Payment of Money. Except so far as relates to Perjury and Subornation of Perjury.

I.e., except section 2.

7 Geo. 2. c. 22 Bristol Roads Act 1730 An Act passed in the Seventh Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual preventing the forging the Acceptance of Bills of Exchange, or the Numbers or Principal Sums of accountable Receipts for Notes, Bills, or other Securities for Payment of Money, or Warrants or Orders for Payment of Money or Delivery of Goods. The whole.
15 Geo. 2. c. 13 Bank of England Act 1741 An Act passed in the Fifteenth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for establishing an Agreement with the Governor and Company of the Bank of England for advancing the Sum of One million six hundred thousand Pounds towards the Supply for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and forty-two. As relates to any Person who shall forge, counterfeit, or alter any Bank Note or other Matter specified in the said Act, or shall knowingly offer, dispose of, or put away such forged, counterfeit, or altered Note or other Matter, or knowingly demand the Money therein contained or pretended to be due thereon, or any Part thereof, as in the said Act is mentioned.

I.e., section 11.

31 Geo. 2. c. 22 Supply, etc. Act 1755 An Act passed in the Thirty-first Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for granting to His Majesty several Rates and Duties upon Offices and Pensions, and upon Houses, and upon Windows or Lights; and for raising the Sum of Five Millions by Annuities and a Lottery, to be charged on the said Rates and Duties. As relates to any Forgery or other capital Felony therein mentioned.

I.e., sections 77 and 78.

4 Geo. 3. c. 25 National Debt (No. 2) Act 1763 An Act passed in the Fourth Year of the Reign of King George the Third, intituled An Act for establishing an Agreement with the Governor and Company of the Bank of England for raising certain Sums of Money towards the Supply for the Service of the Year One thousand seven hundred and sixty -four; and for more effectually preventing the forging Powers to transfer such Stock or receive such Dividends or Annuities as are therein mentioned, and the fraudulent personating the Owners thereof. As relates to any Forgery or other capital Felony therein mentioned.

I.e., section 15.

13 Geo. 3. c. 79 Bank of England Notes Act 1773 An Act passed in the Thirteenth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectual preventing the forging of the Notes or Bills of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, and for the preventing the obtaining a false Credit by the Imitation of the Notes or Bills of the said Governor and Company. The whole.
18 Geo. 3. c. 18 Forgery Act 1778 An Act passed in the Eighteenth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act to explain an Act passed in the Seventh Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Second, intituled An "Act for the more effectual preventing the forging the Acceptance of Bills of Exchange, or the Numbers or Principal Sums of accountable Receipts for Notes, Bills, or other Securities for Payment of Money, or Warrants or Orders for Payment of Money or Delivery of Goods". The whole.
27 Geo. 3. c. 43 County Palatine of Chester Act 1787 An Act passed in the Twenty-seventh Year of the Reign of King George the Third, intituled An Act for taking and swearing Affidavits to be made use of in the Court of Session of the County Palatine of Chester, and for taking of Special Bail in Actions and Suits depending in the same Court. As relates any Offence thereby made Felony.

I.e., section 4.

33 Geo. 3. c. 30 Forgeries and Frauds in Bank Transfers Act 1793 An Act passed in the Thirty-third Year of the Reign of King George the Third, intituled An Act for the better preventing Forgeries and Frauds in the Transfers of the several Funds transferrable at the Bank of England. The whole.[c][15]
37 Geo. 3. c. 122 Forgery Act 1797 An Act passed in the Thirty-seventh Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for the better preventing the forging or counterfeiting the Names of Witnesses to Letters of Attorney or other Authorities, or Instruments for the Transfer of Stocks or Funds which now are, or by any Act or Acts of Parliament shall hereafter be made transferrable at the Bank of England, or for the Transfer of any Part of the Capital Stock of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, called Bank Stock, or for the Transfer of any Part of the Capital Stock, or any Stocks or Funds under the Management of the South Sea Company, or for the Transfer of any Part of the Capital Stock of the East India Company, or for the Receipt of Dividends upon any of such Stocks or Funds. The whole.[d][16]
41 Geo. 3. (U.K.). c. 39 Forgery of Banknotes Act 1801 An Act passed in the Forty-first Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for the more effectually preventing the Forgery of Bank Notes, Bank Bills of Exchange, and Bank Post Bills. The whole.[e][17]
41 Geo. 3. c. 57 Bank Notes Forgery Act 1801 An Act passed in the same Year, intituled An Act for the better Prevention of the Forgery of the Notes and Bills of Exchange of Persons carrying on the Business of Bankers. The whole.[f]
43 Geo. 3. c. 139 Forgery of Foreign Bills Act 1803 An Act passed in the Forty-third Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for preventing the forging and counterfeiting of Foreign Bills of Exchange, and of Foreign Promissory Notes and Orders for the Payment of Money; and for preventing the counterfeiting of Foreign Copper Money. As in anywise relates to any Foreign Bill of Exchange, or Foreign Promissory Note, Undertaking, or Order for the Payment of Money.
45 Geo. 3. c. 89 Bank Notes (Forgery) Act 1805 An Act passed in the Forty-fifth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act to alter and extend the Provisions of the Laws now in force for the Punishment of the Forgery of Bank Notes, Bills of Exchange, and other Securities, to every Part of Great Britain. The whole.[g]
48 Geo. 3. c. 1 Issue and Payment of Exchequer Bills Act 1808 An Act passed in the Forty-eighth Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for regulating the issuing and paying off of Exchequer Bills. As relates to any Forgery or other capital Felony therein mentioned.
52 Geo. 3. c. 138 Counterfeiting Tokens, etc. Act 1812 An Act passed in the Fifty-second Year of the same Reign, intituled An Act for the further Prevention of the counterfeiting of Silver Tokens issued by the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, called Dollars, and of Silver Pieces issued and circulated by the said Governor and Company, called Tokens; and for the further Prevention of Frauds practised by the Imitation of the Notes or Bills of the said Governor and Company. The whole.[h]
52 Geo. 3. c. 146 Parochial Registers Act 1812 An Act passed in the same Year, intituled An Act for the better regulating and preserving Parish and other Registers of Births, Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials in England. As relates to any Felony therein mentioned.

I.e. section 146

4 Geo. 4. c. 76 Marriage Act 1823 An Act passed in the Fourth Year of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, intituled An Act for amending the Laws respecting the Solemnization of Marriages in England. As relates to any Person who shall knowingly and wilfully insert in the Register Book any false Entry of any Matter relating to any Marriage, or shall falsely make, alter, forge, or counterfeit any such Entry in the Register, or any Licence of Marriage, or shall utter or publish as true any false, altered, forgered, or counterfeited Register of Marriage, or a Copy thereof, or any false, altered, forged, or counterfeited Licence of Marriage, knowing such Register or Licence of Marriage respectively to be false, altered, forged , or counterfeited, or shall wilfully destroy any Register Book of Marriages, or any Part thereof, or shall cause or procure or assist in the Commission of any of the said several Offences.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The citation of the act by this short title was authorised by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Act 1896. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978.
  2. ^ Section 32
  3. ^ This act was wholly repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 101). The notes the Statute Law Revision Act 1861 state "Repealed as to England by 11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c.66. s.31. The repeal is expressly so limited, but it may be considered total."
  4. ^ This act was wholly repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 69).
  5. ^ This act was wholly repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 63). The Notes to the Statute Law Revision Act 1872 state "Repealed as to England by 11 Geo. 4. & 1 Will. 4. c. 66. s. 31. Virtually repealed as to Ireland by 24 & 25 Vict. c. 98. ss. 13-17. Does not apply to Scotland, see 45 Geo. 3. c. 89."
  6. ^ This act was wholly repealed by the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.
  7. ^ This act is still in force for the rest of the United Kingdom.
  8. ^ This act was wholly repealed for the rest of the United Kingdom by the Coinage Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 10).

References

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  • The Law of Forgery; including the alterations effected by the late Act 1. Will. 4. c. 66. together with the Act, and Explanatory Notes, Forms of Indictments, and the Evidence in support of each Indictment. J & W T Clarke. Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, London. 1831.  Google Books. Said to be by John Frederick Archbold: catalogues:  New York City Bar Association; J & W T Clarke, pp 2, 3, 47 & 105.
  • "The Forgery Act, 1830". Halsbury's Statutes of England. First Edition. Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd. Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London. 1930. Volume 15. Page 699.
  • William Newland Welsby and Edward Beavan. Chitty's Collection of Statutes. Second Edition. S Sweet. London. Hodges and Smith. Dublin. 1851. Volume 2. Title "Criminal Law". Subtitle "Forgery and False Personation". Pages 225 to 238.
  • "Forgery Act 1830". The Statutes Revised, Northern Ireland. Second Edition. 1982. Volume A. Page 487.
  • Thomas Walter Williams. "Forgeries". An Accurate Abstract of the Public General Statutes passed in 11 George IV. & 1 William IV. Printed for George Wightman. Paternoster Row. London. 1830. Pages 239 to 259.
  • John Collyer. "Forgery". The Criminal Statutes of England. Printed for S Sweet. London. Printed for W Wrightson, Birmingham. 1832. At pages 142 to 162, 166 to 169, 205, 206, and 221m to 221o.
  • William Evans, Anthony Hammond and Thomas Colpitts Granger. A Collection of Statutes Connected with the General Administration of the Law. Third Edition. Thomas Blenkarn. Edward Lumley. W H Bond. London.1836. Volume 10. A Supplement to the Collection of Statutes Connected with the General Administration of the Law. Part 5. Pages 816 to 828.
  • Archibald John Stephens. The Statutes Relating to the Ecclesiastical and Eleemosynary Institutions of England, Wales, Ireland, India, and the Colonies. John W Parker. West Strand, London. Volume 2. Pages 1436 to 1438.
  • John Jervis and William Newland  Welsby. Archbold's Pleading, Evidence and Practice in Criminal Cases. Twelfth Edition. London. 1853. Pages 441 to 446, 457 to 459, 468 to 474, 477 to 479, 490, 762 and passim.
  • Thomas Chitty. The Justice of the Peace and Parish Officer. S Sweet. A Maxwell. London. 1831. Volume 2. Pages 828 to 840.
  • Joseph Chitty and John Walter Hume. "Of the Forgery of Bills, Notes, and Checks, and Offences of that Nature". A Practical Treatise on Bills of Exchange, Checks on Bankers, Promissory Notes, Bankers' Cash Notes and Bank Notes. Tenth American Edition from the Ninth London Edition. By O L Barbour. G & C Merriam. Springfield. 1842. Part 3. Chapter 1. Page *764 et seq. Twelfth American Edition from the Ninth London Edition. By J C Perkins. 1854. Part 3. Chapter 1. Page 844 et seq.
  • Ratcliffe Pring. Statutes in Force in Colony of Queensland, to the Present Time. Brisbane. 1862. Volume 1. Pages 293 to 297.
  • Alexander Oliver. A Collection of the Statutes of Practical Utility, Colonial and Imperial, in Force in New South Wales. Thomas Richards, Government Printer. Sydney. 1879. Volume 1. Pages 408 to 422.
  • Henry Cary. A Collection of Statutes affecting New South Wales. Sands and Kenny. Sydney. Sands, Kenny & Co. Melbourne. 1861. Volume 1. Pages 309 to 323.
  • Travers Adamson. Acts and Ordinances in Force in Victoria. John Ferres, Government Printer. Melbourne. 1855. Volume 1. Pages 428 to 432.
  • The Law Relating to India, and the East-India Company. Second Edition. Wm H Allen & Co. London. 1841. Pages 349 to 351.
  • "Criminal Law Report" (1835) 13 The Law Magazine 1 at 9
  1. ^ Farmer, Lindsay (2000). "Reconstructing the English Codification Debate: The Criminal Law Commissioners, 1833-45". Law and History Review. 18 (2): 397–425. doi:10.2307/744300. ISSN 0738-2480. JSTOR 744300.
  2. ^ a b c d e Ilbert, Courtenay (1901). Legislative methods and forms. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 57. Retrieved 9 September 2024.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner (5 June 1967). "Consolidation Bills". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 283. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 179.
  4. ^ John Nicholls Booth (1982). Booths in history: Their roots and lives, encounters, and achievements. Ridgeway Press. ISBN 978-0943230009. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  5. ^ Britain, Great (1829). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland [1827-. H.M. statute and law printers. p. 436.
  6. ^ Companion to the Almanac, Or Yearbook of General Information for ... 1835. p. 161.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Commons, Great Britain House of (1830). Journals of the House of Commons. Vol. 85. pp. 172, 184, 188, 200, 228, 236, 246, 249, 271, 276, 284, 330, 333, 336, 347, 352, 360, 367, 381, 395, 397, 401, 410, 411–412, 416, 422, 435, 436, 437, 439, 446, 450, 457–458, 463, 472, 476, 485, 497, 504, 512, 519, 527, 531, 534, 541, 558, 578, 614, 640, 648, 651, 657. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  8. ^ "Forgery". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 24. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 3 May 1830. col. 328–329.
  9. ^ "Forgeries' Punishment Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 24. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Commons. 24 May 1830. col. 1031–1060.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Lords, Great Britain House of (1830). Journals of the House of Lords. Vol. 62. pp. 650, 694, 696, 697, 708, 713–714, 724, 726, 735, 739–740, 751–753, 758–759, 765, 770, 772, 778, 780, 789–790, 804, 809, 810, 844, 849, 852, 864, 871–872, 909, 917. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Britain, Great (1830). Statutes at Large ...: (29 v. in 32) Statutes or the United Kingdom, 1801-1806; [1807-1832. p. 403.
  12. ^ 24 & 25 Vict. c. 95, section 4
  13. ^ The Statute Law Revision (No. 2) Act 1888, section 1 and Schedule
  14. ^ Britain, Great (1861). Statutes at Large ...: (37 v.) A collection of the public general statutes, 1833-1869. p. 454.
  15. ^ a b Parliamentary Bills &c. Ordered to be printed. 1861.
  16. ^ a b Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1870). Public Bills.
  17. ^ a b Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1872). Public Bills.
  18. ^ Wales, New South (1861). A Collection of Statutes Affecting New South Wales: Containing All the Statutes of Practical Utility, to the Present Time. Sands and Kenny.
  19. ^ Zealand, New (1878). The Statutes of New Zealand. Government Printer, South Africa.
  20. ^ Britain, Great (1834). The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers.
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