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Gavin Maxwell

For the canoer, see Gavin Maxwell (canoeist).

Gavin Maxwell FRSL FZS FRGS (15 July 1914 – 7 September 1969) was a British naturalist and author, best known for his non-fiction writing and his work with otters. He became most famous for Ring of Bright Water (1960) and its sequels, which described his experiences raising Iraqi and West African otters on the west coast of Scotland. One of his Iraqi otters was of a previously unknown sub-species which was subsequently named after Maxwell. Ring of Bright Water sold more than a million copies and was made into a film starring Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna in 1969.[2] His other books described sharking in the Hebrides and his travels in Iraq, Morocco, and Algeria, as well as studies of recent history in Sicily and Morocco.

Gavin Maxwell
Born(1914-07-15)15 July 1914
House of Elrig, Wigtownshire, Scotland
Died7 September 1969(1969-09-07) (aged 55)
Inverness, Scotland[1]
OccupationAuthor
EducationStowe School
Alma materHertford College, Oxford
GenreNatural history, Travel literature
Notable worksRing of Bright Water

Early life

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The "House of Elrig" – Gavin Maxwell's childhood home. Arylick farm to right and Elrig Loch in the background.

Gavin Maxwell was the youngest son of Lieutenant-Colonel Aymer Maxwell and Lady Mary Percy, fifth daughter of the seventh Duke of Northumberland.[3] His paternal grandfather, Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet, was an archaeologist, politician and natural historian.[3]

Maxwell was born at The House of Elrig near the small village of Elrig, near Port William, in Wigtownshire, south-western Scotland. Maxwell's relatives still live in the area and the family's ancient estate and grounds are in nearby Monreith.

Maxwell's education took place at a succession of preparatory and public schools, including the sporty Heddon Court School[4] at East Barnet, St Cyprian's School, where he found encouragement for his interest in natural history, and Stowe School. In The Rocks Remain, he relates how family pressure led him to take a degree in Estate Management at Hertford College, Oxford, where he spent his time pursuing sporting and leisure activities instead of studying. He cheated his way through the intermediate exams but passed the final examinations honestly, having crammed the entire three-year course in six weeks.[3]

 
Former HQ of The Island of Soay Shark Fisheries Ltd, started by Maxwell
 
A blue plaque commemorating Maxwell as a writer and naturalist at the house where he lived in Paultons Square in Chelsea, London

During World War II, Maxwell served as an instructor with the Special Operations Executive. He was invalided out with the rank of Major in 1944. After the war, he purchased the Isle of Soay off Skye in the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. According to his book Harpoon at a Venture (1952), bad planning and a lack of finance meant his attempt to establish a basking shark fishery there between 1945 and 1948 proved unsuccessful and the island was sold on to his business partner, Tex Geddes. Living in London, he became a close friend of British-Swiss Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti.

Career

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In 1956, Maxwell toured the reed marshes of southern Iraq with explorer Wilfred Thesiger, Maxwell's wife's first cousin once removed. Maxwell's account of their trip appears in A Reed Shaken By The Wind, later published under the title People of the Reeds. It was hailed by The New York Times as "near perfect".[5]

Since 1948, Maxwell had been using a borrowed cottage in Sandaig[6] as a writer's retreat (which he called Camusfeàrna in his books). Sandaig was a small community opposite Isleornsay on a remote part of the Scottish mainland. This is where his "otter books" are set. After Ring of Bright Water (1960), his newfound fame did not sit well with him:

He couldn't cope with it. He wasn't a strong man that way, so he couldn't deal with it. But he didn't want anyone to know that, so he started drinking more; he started smoking more. And the pressures became more because we started spending more money. Next thing, agent was on the phone: 'We're broke; we need a sequel.' So, he wrote The Rocks Remain, the sequel to Ring of Bright Water, which was a disaster because it was written in a hurry. It didn't have the same beauty, it didn't have the same anything as Ring of Bright Water. That was the beginning of the end really. — Terry Nutkins, 2010[7]

In The Rocks Remain (1963), the otters Edal, Teko, Mossy and Monday show great differences in personality. The book demonstrates the difficulty Maxwell was having, possibly as a result of his mental state, in remaining focused on one project and the impact that had on his otters, Sandaig and his own life.

In 1960-1962, he made several trips to Morocco and Algeria. He published accounts of his experiences in North Africa, including his description of the aftermath of the 1960 Agadir earthquake, in The Rocks Remain (1963). In Morocco, he was assisted by the monarchy's head of Press Services and Minister of Information Moulay Ahmed Alaoui, and by the anticolonial activist and journalist Margaret Pope, whom Maxwell referred to in The Rocks Remain under a pseudonym, "Prudence Hazell." Pope recruited Maxwell to travel to Algiers in January 1961 to collect information for the Algerian revolutionary National Liberation Front (FLN). Maxwell also began research for a non-fiction book tracing the dramatic lives of the last rulers of Marrakech under the French, eventually published in 1966 as Lords of the Atlas: The Rise and Fall of the House of Glaoua 1893–1956.[8][9] During the Moroccan Years of Lead, the regime there considered his book subversive and banned its importation.

In The House of Elrig (1965), Maxwell describes his family history and his passion for the calf-country, Galloway, where he was born. It was during this period that he met ornithologist Peter Scott and the young Terry Nutkins, who later became a children's television presenter. Privately homosexual,[10] Maxwell married Lavinia Renton (daughter of The Right Honourable Sir Alan Lascelles and granddaughter of Viscount Chelmsford, Wilfred Thesiger's uncle) on 1 February 1962. The marriage lasted little more than a year and they divorced in 1964.[11] Maxwell also lived in Paultons Square in London.

In 1968, Maxwell's Sandaig home was destroyed by fire, in which Edal perished,[7] and he moved to the lighthouse keepers' cottages on Eilean Bàn (White Island), an island between the Isle of Skye and the Scottish mainland by the village of Kyleakin. He invited John Lister-Kaye to join him on Eilean Bàn to help him build a zoo on the island and work on a book about British wild mammals. Lister-Kaye accepted the invitation, but both projects were abandoned when Maxwell died from lung cancer[12] in a hospital in Inverness[12] the following year.[13]

Memorial

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Eilean Bàn now supports a pier of the Skye Bridge, built during the 1990s. Despite modern traffic a hundred feet or so above it, the island is a commemorative otter sanctuary and houses a museum dedicated to Maxwell. Another memorial is a bronze otter erected at Monreith near to St Medan's Golf Club.

Personal life

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According to Douglas Botting, Maxwell suffered from bipolar disorder throughout his life.[14] Maxwell's literary agent was Peter Janson-Smith,[15] who was also agent for James Bond author Ian Fleming.

Gavin Maxwell's otter

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Statue of Maxwell's otter at Monreith by Penny Wheatley, 1978.

Maxwell's book Ring of Bright Water describes how, in 1956, he brought a smooth-coated otter back from Iraq and raised it in "Camusfearna" at Sandaig Bay on the west coast of Scotland.[16] He took the otter, called Mijbil, to the London Zoological Society, where it was decided that this was a previously unknown subspecies of smooth-coated otter. It was therefore named Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli (or, colloquially, "Maxwell's otter") after him. While it was thought to have become extinct in the alluvial salt marshes of Iraq as a result of the large-scale drainage of the area that started in the 1960s, newer surveys suggest large populations remain throughout its range.[17][18]

 
Maxwell's memorial boulder on the former site of his Camusfeàrna home

In his book The Marsh Arabs, Wilfred Thesiger wrote:

[I]n 1956, Gavin Maxwell, who wished to write a book about the Marshes, came with me to Iraq, and I took him round in my tarada for seven weeks. He had always wanted an otter as a pet, and at last, I found him a baby European otter which unfortunately died after a week, towards the end of his visit. He was in Basra preparing to go home when I managed to obtain an otter, which I sent to him. This, very dark in colour and about six weeks old, proved to be a new species. Gavin took it to England, and the species was named after him.

The otter became woven into the fabric of Maxwell's life. The title of his book Ring of Bright Water was taken from the poem "The Marriage of Psyche" by Kathleen Raine, who said in her autobiography that Maxwell had been the love of her life. Raine's relationship with Maxwell deteriorated after 1956 when she indirectly caused the death of Mijbil. Raine held herself responsible not only for losing Mijbil but for a curse she had uttered shortly beforehand, frustrated by Maxwell's homosexuality: "Let Gavin suffer in this place as I am suffering now." Raine blamed herself thereafter for all Maxwell's misfortunes, beginning with Mijbil's death and ending with the cancer that took his 55-year-old life on 7 September 1969.[19][20][2]

Maxwell's ashes were placed beneath a boulder at the former site of his house Camusfeàrna. The boulder marks the position of his writing desk.[7]

Bibliography

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  • Harpoon at a Venture Rupert Hart-Davis (1952)
    • Paperback reissue (1984): ISBN 0-14-006987-9
    • Paperback reissue (1998): ISBN 978-1899863464
    • Paperback reissue (2013): ISBN 978-1780271804
  • God Protect Me from My Friends Longmans (1956)
  • A Reed Shaken By The Wind - a Journey Through the Unexplored Marshlands of Iraq Longmans (1957)
  • The Ten Pains of Death (1959)
  • Ring of Bright Water (illustrated by Peter Scott) Longmans (1960)
    • Paperback reissue: ISBN 0-14-003923-6
      • Ein Ring aus hellem Wasser - Meine Jahre an Schottlands wilder Westküste, ins Deutsche übersetzt von Iris Hansen, München : Blessing, 2021, ISBN 978-3-89667-665-8
  • The Otters' Tale Longmans (1962; a children's version of Ring of Bright Water)
  • The Rocks Remain Longmans (1963)
  • The House of Elrig Longmans (1965)
  • Lords of the Atlas: Morocco, the rise and fall of the House of Glaoua Longmans (1966)
  • Seals of the World (1967)
  • Raven Seek Thy Brother Longmans (1969)
  • The Ring of Bright Water Trilogy Penguin (2001; abridged)

Biography

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References

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  1. ^ Botting, Douglas (1993). Gavin Maxwell, A Life. HarperCollins. p. 576. ISBN 0-246-13046-6.
  2. ^ a b "The dark love behind A Ring of Bright Water". www.telegraph.co.uk. 11 September 2005. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c The Rocks Remain, Gavin Maxwell, Longmans, 1963, ASIN: B0000CLY9N
  4. ^ Brendon, Vyvyen (2009). Prep School Children: A Class Apart Over Two Centuries. A&C Black. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-84706-287-1.
  5. ^ quoted in Stott, Louis (2004). "Maxwell, Gavin". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34959. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ^ At 57°10′06″N 5°41′06″W / 57.16833°N 5.68500°W / 57.16833; -5.68500, to a house which had been a croft and home to the local lighthouse keeper of the Sandaig Light southwest of Glenelg.
  7. ^ a b c Britain By Bike, episode 6 - The Scottish Highlands, BBC, 2010
  8. ^ Segalla, Spencer (2024). "Gavin Maxwell in Morocco and Algeria with Margaret Pope and Ahmed Alaoui: public relations networks, anti-imperialism, and travel writing in the era of decolonisation". The Journal of North African Studies. 29 (6): 927–960. doi:10.1080/13629387.2024.2380397. ISSN 1362-9387.
  9. ^ Botting, Douglas (1993). The Saga of Ring of Bright Water: The Enigma of Gavin Maxwell. Eland. pp. 308–322. ISBN 9781897784853.
  10. ^ Frere, Richard (1976). Maxwell's Ghost. Victor Gollancz. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-575-02044-X.
  11. ^ "thePeerage.com". Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  12. ^ a b "BBC Scotland - BBC Scotland - How Scotland's otters became famous: the inspirational story of Gavin Maxwell". BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  13. ^ Lister-Kaye, John (1972). The White Island. Longman. ISBN 0-582-10903-5.
  14. ^ Douglas Botting, Gavin Maxwell, A Life, HarperCollins 1993 (ISBN 0-246-13046-6).
  15. ^ Frere, Richard (1976). Maxwell's Ghost. Victor Gollancz. p. 71. ISBN 0-575-02044-X.
  16. ^ "Mijbil the Otter" (PDF). First Flight: Textbook in English for Class X. New Delhi: NCERT. 2019. pp. 102–109. ISBN 978-81-7450-658-0. OCLC 1144708197.
  17. ^ Omer, Sawsan A.; et al. (2012). "Evidence for persistence and a major range extension of the smooth-coated otter ( Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli; Mustelidae, Carnivora) in Iraq" (PDF). Folia Zool. 61 (2): 172–176. doi:10.25225/fozo.v61.i2.a10.2012. S2CID 89831141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  18. ^ Al-Sheikhly, Omar F.; Nader, Iyad A. (2013). "The Status of Iraq Smooth - Coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 195 6 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq" (PDF). IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 30 (1): 18–30.
  19. ^ Janet Watts (8 July 2003). ""Kathleen Raine: Obituary", The Guardian, London, 8/7/2003". Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  20. ^ Dani Garavelli. ""Gavin Maxwell's Love of Nature", Edinburgh, 22/6/2014". Scotland on Sunday. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  21. ^ "The Saga of Ring of Bright Water - The Enigma of Gavin Maxwell". Neil Wilson Publishing. Archived from the original on 21 May 2006.
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Further reading

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Maxwell, Gavin, (1914–7 Sept. 1969), Sponsor of the Dolci Cttee; Hon. Life Member: Wildfowl Trust; Cttee, Wildlife Youth Service; Fauna Preservation Soc.; Internat. Cttee, Centro Studi e Scambi Internazionali; Cttee of Honour Nat. Campaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment; Pres., British Junior Exploration Soc.; writer since 1952; portrait painter, 1949–52, doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U57666 Who's Who (published online: 1 December 2007)

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