Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Wikipedia

Grape cultivation in California

The 2020 table grape harvest was worth $2.12 billion[1] while wine grapes brought in $1.7 billion, down 15.3% year-on-year. By weight this was 17% lower versus 2018.[2] The next year, 2021[3] saw a much better yield. From 829,000 acres (335,000 ha) viniculturists got 6.94 short tons per acre (15.6 t/ha) for a total harvest of 5,755,000 short tons (5,221,000 t).[3] At an average of $909 per short ton ($1,002/t) they were paid $5,229,902,000 for the season.[3] Of that, 4,844,600 short tons (4,394,900 t) were for destined for processing industries (including wine, see § Wine below) and at $835 per short ton ($920/t) that was worth $4,046,382,000.[3] The fresh (table grape) harvest was 910,400 short tons (825,900 t) and selling at a price of $1,300 per short ton ($1,433/t), this sector was worth $1,183,520,000 for the season.[3]

Pinot Noir harvest, Central Coast
Sonoma
Caswell Park, V. californica, a wild type used as root stock and for §Breeding
Rodney Strong Vineyards
Pickers resting in a vineyard

The table grape and wine grape sectors are represented by the Table Grape Commission[4] and the California Association of Winegrape Growers.[5]

Table production is most concentrated in three counties and somewhat in another two.[6] Dollar value annually is $1,240 million in Kern, $682 in Tulare, $416 in Fresno, and in the top ten crops in Riverside and Madera.[6] California's own consumption of table production grew from 1980 to 2001 from 1.8 to 3.5 kilograms (4.0 to 7.7 lb) per capita per year.[7] Consumption here and throughout the country is so high that the country remains a net importer despite this state's production, which reached 71,000 short tons (64,000 t) in the 2015 table harvest.[7]

During dormancy, UC IPM recommends pruning.[8] UC IPM publishes recommendations for this and other tasks during dormancy.[8] Although thinning is often proven to improve wine qualities in many areas, some reviewers note a lack of benefit in thinning table grapes in this state's vineyards.[9]

Deyett et al., 2020 finds Proteobacteria are the most common components of the microbiomes of this crop in this state's soils.[10]

This crop has also played a large part in farm labor relations in the state.[11]: 371  The Delano grape strike began among table grape workers before spreading to other industries.[11]: 371  See § Labor.

Leafroll, black measles, nutrient deficit
Grape anthracnose

Diseases of grape

edit

Disease information is provided by UC IPM.[12]

Xylella fastidiosa was first discovered here in 1892 when Newton B. Pierce found Pierce's Disease in Los Angeles.[13] Today it costs the state an estimated $100m per year.[14] Because Vitis species native to the USA are tolerant to PD while the introduced European V. vinifera is very susceptible, Hewitt 1958 posited the Gulf Coastal Plain as the center of origin for the pathogen.[15]: 97  However Nunney et al., 2010 demonstrates that the PD population of the USA is originally in Central America.[15]: 97  Sisterson et al. 2020[16] finds that the southern San Joaquin Valley rarely has any X. fastidiosa prior to July. This suggests an entirely Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter vectored problem that has no (or very little) overwintering capacity.[14] Consistent with this they also found that neonicotinoid applications tended to reduce PD incidence.[14] See also § Pierce's Disease, § Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter and for a treatment see § Ozone.

Al Rwahnih et al., 2015 finds widespread Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (GRBaV) among raisin and table accessions of propagation material in California.[17] The virus population here has an unusually low amount of genetic diversity.[17] Although not known outside of North America, Al Rwahnih et al. does find this virus in California material originating outside North America.[17] See § Red Blotch Disease of Grapevine.[18]

UCD's FPS performs disease testing, vinestock identification testing, and supplies vinestock.[19][20] FPS is one of the few National Clean Plant Network (NCPN) members holding vinestock for grapes in the country.[19] See also § Foundation Plant Services.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency has a good opinion of the state's phytosanitary certification system.[21] As a result, CFIA's Plant Protection Division has approved California plant material for import.[21][22]: Appendix 5 

Hoffman et al., 2011 surveys the Lodi AVA and finds that growers themselves (including those who also work as educators for other growers) are most central to the spread of management information.[23] Those who are not themselves growers, but are full time educators, are less connected to the actual spread of information.[23][24]

Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator) is another costly disease here.[18][25][26] PM cost the industry $239 million in 2015, including losses and treatment costs, according to the estimate of Sambucci et al., 2019.[25] For decades both the programs of USDA ARS and SunWorld have prioritized breeding for resistance to this disease.[26]

Afflictions in grapevine around the world are often treated by removal and replanting, and this is often used in this state's industry.[27] Regrowth is slow and replant disease often results from this.[27] Westphal et al., 2002 finds that regrowth is hampered by the soil microbiome in California's soils.[27] They apply a supplemental plant growth-promiting rhizobacteria (PGPR) treatment using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and achieve quicker productivity recovery.[27] This is one of the few studies in this technique and this area is understudied.[27]

It is speculated that drought stress will increase fungal pathogen geographic range in the future around the world, but in this state this has already been observed.[28]

Although famous for its devastation of strawberry gray mold affects table grape as well.[29] Karabulut et al., 2003 finds it is an especially large part of post-harvest losses.[29] They also describe common treatments and make recommendations[29] See § Gray mold and for a treatment see § Ozone.

Grapevine Trunk Diseases are common in California.[30] They are not caused by any one pathogen but are united by their similar symptomology in this part of the grape plant.[30]

Botryosphaeria Grape Trunk Dieback diseases are common trunk diseases.[31] In the southern parts of the state, a Botryosphaeria Dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is almost always the only trunk disease in this crop.[31]

Eutypa dieback is another common trunk dieback here, caused by Eutypa lata.[32] It was first found here by English et al., 1962 a few years after its discovery elsewhere.[32] Travadon et al., 2011 finds that E. lata is an entirely or almost entirely sexual population here but asexual reproduction may be a rare occurrence.[33] E. lata populations in California are shared between three hosts, this one, apricot and willow (Salix spp.).[34] Travadon et al. 2015 finds high gene flow and an absence of differentiating alleles between populations on these hosts.[34] (See also § Apricot.) Additionally they find no differentiation by geography.[34]

Xiphinema index (the California Dagger Nematode, or just Dagger Nematode) is a common disease here.[35] Although first discovered in this state it has spread throughout the world's vineyards.[35]

Esca (Measles, Spanish Measles, Black Measles) is a basidiomycete disease caused by several species of the Fomitiporia.[30] It is a common cause of economic loss in the state.[30] Vasquez 2007 assessed losses $2,000 to $3,000 per hectare ($810 to $1,210/acre) for all afflictions called "Esca" in the state's vineyards.[30]

Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) was imported in infected 'Touriga National' in 1981 and maintained at UCD, but no epidemic has ever been documented from that contamination.[36] The California epidemic began decades later.[36] Al Rwahnih 2018 documents an active epidemic in the Napa Valley AVA and finds wide variation in occurrence per variety, from 8.7 to 100%.[36]

Pests of grape

edit

For insect pests see § Glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS)[37] and § Blue-Green Sharpshooter (BGSS).

The arrival of the European Grapevine Moth (EGVM) in Napa County in 2009 brought together local, state and federal agricultural officials, scientists in California universities, and the wine, table and raisin industries.[38] Together they brought about an eradication by 2015 and the effort was declared a success in August 2016.[38]: 582 [39] There is ongoing concern that it will invade again.[40] Gutierrez et al., 2012 finds that climate change has increased its potential invasive range on this crop in the time since its eradication, and will continue to do so.[40]: 81–122  See § European Grapevine Moth.

Some vertebrate pests are also significant and UC IPM has management recommendations[41] for them:

Delayed-dormancy in table grape varieties is February in the San Joaquin Valley and December to January in the Coachella Valley.[42] UC IPM provides sampling techniques[43] and management information[42] for delayed-dormancy in table grape.

Budbreak is in March in the SJV and January to February in the Coachella Valley for common table varieties.[44] UC IPM provides monitoring and treatment information for budbreak.[44]

The rapid shoot growth phase is March to May in the San Joaquin Valley and February to May in the Coachella Valley.[45] UC IPM recommends looking for spider mites and their natural enemies at this time.[45] See § Spider mites.

During postharvest in the SJV, table grape growers should monitor for European Fruit Lecanium Scale (Parthenolecanium corni).[46] UC IPM provides information on this and other pests of postharvest in table grape.[46] They recommend some parasitoids for biological control including Aphytis spp., Coccophagus spp., Encarsia spp., and Metaphycus luteolus.[47]

Its anticipated damage to this crop was one of the major reasons for the passage of the LBAM Act of 2007.[48] Despite expectations, this crop was not sufficiently impacted to justify the cost and controversy involved and the action is regarded as a failure.[48] See § Light Brown Apple Moth.

The Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina metallica, syn. H. brillians) is a native pest of this crop.[49][50] The parasitoids Ametadoria misella and Apanteles harrisinae were imported in the 1950s but without success.[50] However A. misella was found in the 1990s to be a vector of a granulovirus of this pest.[50] WGS is multivoline, trivoltine in the Central Valley and bivoltine on the coasts because temperatures are lower.[49]

The Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus) (Signoret (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)) is a pest introduced in the early 1990s.[51]: 115 [52] It has spread quickly, impacting vine culture due to its phloem-feeding habit and because it is a vector of GLRaV.[52] See also § GLRaV.

Thrips are a minor concern in wine and raisin but are significant pests in table varieties.[53] This includes Grape Thrips (Drepanothrips reuteri) and Western Flower Thrips.[53] The scarring that they cause defaces the appearance of table grapes.[53] Grape Thrips in Salvador is especially problematic.[53] See § Western Flower Thrips.

Five species of ant are significant in this crop: Argentine Ants (Linepithema humile), Gray Ants (Formica aerata, Formica perpilosa), Pavement Ant (Tetramorium caespitum), Southern Fire Ant (Solenopsis xyloni) and Thief Ant (Solenopsis molesta).[54]

The Black Vine Weevil is mostly a pest of the Central Coast AVA but does rarely occur elsewhere.[55] Treatment is possible but is usually not employed.[55] See § Black Vine Weevil.

Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia franciscana) is a native pest of this crop.[56] It is endemic to this state and Oregon and Washington.[56] UC IPM recommends restricting use of insecticides to control Orange Tortrix because many natural biological controls are present in the state.[56]

Pseudococcus mealybugs are common pests in California's vineyards.[57] They have become an increasing problem in the first half of the 2010s.[57] Three species are present: Grape Mealybug (P. maritimus), Longtailed Mealybug (P. longispinus) and Obscure Mealybug (P. viburni).[57]

Phylloxera of Grape is a common aphid in California with multiple subpopulations derived from multiple foreign points of origin producing multiple invasions.[58] The rootstock AxR#1 was formerly used due to its resistance but this has since collapsed and been replaced by other rootstocks.[58] This phylloxera has since that time adapted to these various rootstocks.[58] Corrie et al., 2002, Lin et al., 2006, Vorwerk & Forneck, 2006 develop microsatellite markers to track these multiple invasions and their adaptation.[58] See § Phylloxera of Grape and § AxR#1.

 
Thomcord breeding, Parlier

Breeding of grape

edit

This state has the largest breeding program for table grape in the country.[59] The next largest is at the University of Arkansas, and that was started in part from varieties developed here.[59] Many widely used table varieties have been developed here, such as 'Perlette' and 'Red Globe' from Harold Olmo at UCD, and the 'Flame Seedless' in 1973 and 'Fantasy Seedless' in 1994 by the USDA program in Fresno.[60]: 237 

Although there is some resistance to Pierce's Disease in some Vitis vinifera varieties, none is immune – none will be productive and all will die.[61][62] The Walker group at UC Davis has discovered several monogenic and polygenic PD resistances in several other Vitis spp.[62] A few years later in December 2019, their Camminare Noir, Paseante Noir, Errante Noir, Ambulo Blanc, and Caminante Blanc were plant patented and released for licensing.[63]

AxR#1 was a very popular rootstock here until the 1980s[64]: 24–25  for its protection against grape phylloxera. Since the collapse of AxR#1's phylloxera resistance it has been replaced by a wide diversity of rootstocks.[58] See also § Phylloxera of Grape.

Fuller et al., 2014 finds Powdery Mildew resistance in grape (Erysiphe necator) is so valuable in the state's AVAs and the technique of blending has so improved that PM-resistant type are becoming increasingly adopted, despite their history of consumer rejection due to off flavors.[65] Riaz et al., 2011 finds 2 major PM resistance loci on chromosome 18 in many of California's grape strains, Run2.2 and Ren4.[66] Ramming et al., 2011 find that in the San Joaquin Valley's table/E. necator and raisin/E. necator pathosystems almost all resistance is explained by Ren4.[67] Fuller et al. 2014 also find that widespread adoption of such varieties would save growers as much as $48 million/year in California's Crimson Seedless table, raisin and Central Coast Chardonnay vineyards alone.[68]

Table and raisin production are associated with higher temperature areas of the state.[69]

The San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center is located in Parlier.[70] SJVASC produces varieties of table and raisin, including the Thomcord.[71] Many of the state's table and raisin varieties have been produced using embryo rescue.[72] The Ramming group in Parlier has been the source of many of these varieties since the 1980s.[72] Their work includes incorporating wild North American V. arizonica and V. candicans into seedless raisin and table varieties.[73][72]

UCD ceased releasing wine varieties in the 1980s.[74] Then in 2019 they released 5 with high PD resistance to combat a problem which costs California grape growers over $100 million per year.[74] This breeding program did not end with the release of these 5 and additional varieties continue to be released.[74]

Intensive selective breeding has been ongoing in California since the 1950s for seedlessness in raisin and table.[75]: 303  Much of the world's seedless varieties originate in this state's breeding efforts.[75]: 303 

Aradhya et al., 2003 finds that California's accessions of germplasm originates from a single original gene pool.[76] Aradhya finds that from this original gene pool there has been very active selective breeding primarily by cuttings.[76]

Riaz et al., 2009 introgress PD resistance from into some of the state's susceptible varieties, and provide SSR markers for them.[77] They introgressed 2 resistance alleles from V. arizonica that V. vinifera does not have.[77] Accessions F8909-17 and F8909-08 are the sources of PdR1a and PdR1b respectively.[77] Riaz also provide markers for marker-assisted breeding with these alleles.[77]

Bowers et al., 1999 develops some of the foundational microsatellite markers for breeding of California Pinot noirs and Cabernet Sauvignons.[78]

This et al., 2004 produces a set of standard references for molecular breeding of varieties used here.[79] This develops a standard of microsatellites for California's most common vinestock and rootstock varieties to aid identification in breeding programs.[79][68]

Roger's Red is an ornamental grape selected from a wild vine near Healdsburg.[80] Initially the discoverer – Raiche of the University of California Botanical Garden Native Plant Collection – designated it a color variant of the native V. californica.[80] This was doubted by many nurseries however and Dangl et al., 2010 finds it is a hybrid of V. californica × V. vinifera cv. Alicante Bouschet.[80]

Vignani et al. 1996 demonstrates that several cultivars long grown in California, and thought to be local innovations, are instead clones of several Italian varieties.[81]

Petite Sirah is a popular variety in this state.[82] Meredith et al., 1999 determines that almost all California Petite Sirah is genetically identical to Durif.[82]

Table and raisin varieties used here come from a very narrow base.[83] Genetic testing by Bourisquot et al., 1995 find that because they are almost always seedless they are frequently directly derived from Kishmish.[83] Bourisquot also find that about 1/3 of the state's table and raisin varieties are not derived as their pedigrees state.[83]

Genetic engineering of grape

edit

Up to around 2004 there was little understanding of what non-Vitis genes might provide immunity in grape, and would make good transgenes.[62] As of 2014 several candidate genes have been identified, several have been transferred, and some even produce immune factors that cross the graft union and so can be rootstock-only.[62] Proven transgenes include pPGIP (the polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein from Pyrus communis L. cv 'Bartlett', identified by Stotz et al.[84][85] at UCD) employed in a large number of transformations at several labs at UCD,[62] HNEsp-HNE-GSTA-cecropin B (a protein chimera of pGIP and cecropin B) and PGIPsp-HNE-GSTA-cecropin B (another cecropin B chimera) from Dandekar et al.[86] at UCD and Los Alamos,[62] HxfA from the Kirkpatrick lab at UCD,[62] an XfDSF catalyst (catalyzing the disease's synthesis of its diffusible signal factors) from Lindow et al. at UC Berkeley,[62] and programmed cell death inhibitors from the Gilchrist lab at UCD.[62] (See § Pierce's Disease.)

 
Fresno, 1972

Treatments in grape

edit

Zakowski & Mace 2022 finds heavy use of fungicides for cosmetic reasons in the state's table grape industry.[87] Pruning produces wounds which may admit pathogens into the trunk of the vine.[88] Brown et al., 2021 finds that pyraclostrobin continues to have good efficacy against populations in California.[88] See § Pyraclostrobin and § Fungicide.

The General Beale Pilot Project has been very successful since the early 2000s in monitoring and reducing the deadly disease and vector combination of PD and GWSS.[89] It is located in southeast Kern County and involves both trapping and roguing of infected vines.[89] The infestation in Kern has been managed well with a combination of symptomology, molecular surveillance and quantitative vector surveys.[90] The campaign in Kern is a good model for the whole world's efforts against this threat,[89][90] and for farmer funded voluntary management programs in general.[89] See § Pierce's Disease and § Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter.

Prior to the 2000s there were no selective insecticides available for the most important pests of table grape.[91] There was one – phosalone – which was banned in the state in 1988.[91] Since then baits made of carbaryl have been formulated which act selectively and are used for cutworm in table grape, and Bacillus thuringiensis is used selectively for Omnivorous Leafroller and Grape Leaffolder.[91]

Chlorpyrifos was a vital chemical for this crop until 2019 especially for the Vine Mealybug.[92] In 2019 the state Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) determined that it was necessary to withdraw virtually all chlorpyrifos registrations.[92] Since then this has imposed a negative economic impact on the industry both due to higher costs for substitute treatments and due to control failures.[92] See § Vine Mealybug.

Cover crops are used to produce several different kinds of pest and weed control.[93] Ground cover may enhance spider pest control of herbivorous insects.[93] Costello & Daane 1998 finds that ground cover in table grape increases Trachelas pacificus abundance but decreases Hololena nedra.[93] Over all they find that this method is of limited effectiveness in table vineyards.[93] UC IPM recommends considering the impact of a pesticide application on natural enemies and honey bees before applying to table vineyards.[94]

Crab shell chitosan reduces postharvest Gray Mold in table grape in Fresno county.[95] Romanazzi et al., 2009 tests table stock from several varieties commonly grown around Fresno and an isolate from USDA ARS in Parlier, Fresno county.[95] By dissolving the shell material in an acid they achieve control of postharvest Gray Mold by inducing a defense prior to the fungus's invasion.[95] Pichyangkuraa & Chadchawanb 2015 believe this to be applicable to viticulture around the world.[95]

Karabulut et al., 2003 finds that many postharvest pathogen isolates in California's vineyards are well controlled by a yeast, Metschnikowia fructicola, applied as a spray shortly before harvest.[96]

Research in grape

edit

Table grape growers are charged an assessment statewide for research and treatment for PD and GWSS.[97] For the fiscal year 2009–2010 this contributed $735,000, almost all coming from the southern San Joaquin Valley.[97] See § Pierce's Disease, § Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter and § Treatments in grape.

California's oenological research is highly respected around the world.[98] This especially includes UC Davis's oenology programs.[98]

References

edit
  1. ^ "All About Grapes". Grapes from California. June 17, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  2. ^ Moller, William J. (July 1, 1980). "Milestones in grape pathology". California Agriculture. 34 (7). UC Agriculture and Natural Resources: 13–15. doi:10.3733/ca.v034n07p13 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 0073-2230. S2CID 82168201.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e "USDA/NASS 2021 State Agriculture Overview for California". USDA. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  4. ^ "Home". Grapes from California. May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  5. ^ "Home". California Association of Winegrape Growers. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  6. ^ a b Goodhue, Rachaelg; Gress, Brian; Zheng, Yanan; Raburn, Sam; Spaldin, Ashley; Mace, Kevi (2021). An Economic and Pest Management Evaluation of the Insecticide Imidacloprid in California Agriculture (Report). California Department of Pesticide Regulation. pp. 1–65.
  7. ^ a b Daane, Kent; Vincent, Charles; Isaacs, Rufus; Ioriatti, Claudio (2018). "Entomological Opportunities and Challenges for Sustainable Viticulture in a Global Market". Annual Review of Entomology. 63 (1). Annual Reviews: 193–214. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023547. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 29324036.
  8. ^ a b "Dormancy / Grape / Agriculture: Pest Management". University of California Integrated Pest Management. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2015. 3448. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  9. ^ Di Lorenzo, R.; Gambino, C.; Scafidi, P. (2011). "Summer pruning in table grape". Advances in Horticultural Science. 25 (3). Firenze University Press: 143–150. JSTOR 42882831.
  10. ^ Cobos, Rebeca; Ibanez, Ana; Diez, Alba; Pena, Carla; Ghoreshizadeh, Seyedehtannaz; Coque, Juan (2022). "The Grapevine Microbiome to the Rescue: Implications for the Biocontrol of Trunk Diseases". Plants. 11 (7). MDPI: 840. doi:10.3390/plants11070840. PMC 9003034. PMID 35406820.
  11. ^ a b Cornford, D. (2022). Working People of California. UC Press Voices Revived. University of California Press. p. 504. ISBN 9780520332768.
  12. ^ "Grape". UC IPM.
  13. ^ Baldi, Paolo; La Porta, Nicola (June 8, 2017). "Xylella fastidiosa: Host Range and Advance in Molecular Identification Techniques". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. Frontiers: 944. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00944. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5462928. PMID 28642764.
  14. ^ a b c Burbank, Lindsey (2022). "Threat of Xylella fastidiosa and options for mitigation in infected plants". CABI Reviews. 17 (21). CABI. doi:10.1079/cabireviews202217021. S2CID 251514273.
  15. ^ a b National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 396. doi:10.17226/21792. ISBN 978-0-309-37762-1. PMID 27054234. ISBN 978-0-309-37759-1.
  16. ^ Sisterson, Mark; Burbank, Lindsey; Krugner, Rodrigo; Haviland, David; Stenger, Drake (2020). "Xylella fastidiosa and Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Population Dynamics in the Southern San Joaquin Valley of California". Plant Disease. 104 (11). American Phytopathological Society: 2994–3001. doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-20-0066-RE. PMID 32852243.
  17. ^ a b c Rojas, Maria; Macedo, Monica; Maliano, Minor; Aguilar, Maria; Souza, Juliana; Briddon, Rob; Kenyon, Lawrence; Bustamante, Rafael; Zerbini, F.; Adkins, Scott; Legg, James; Kvarnheden, Anders; Wintermantel, William; Sudarshana, Mysore; Peterschmitt, Michel; Lapidot, Moshe; Martin, Darren; Moriones, Enrique; Nagata, Alice; Gilbertson, Robert (2018). "World Management of Geminiviruses". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 56 (1). Annual Reviews: 637–677. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100327. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 30149794. S2CID 52099594.
  18. ^ a b Romanazzi, Gianfranco; Smilanick, Joseph L.; Feliziani, Erica; Droby, Samir (2016). "Integrated management of postharvest gray mold on fruit crops". Postharvest Biology and Technology. 113. Elsevier: 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.11.003. hdl:11566/229814. ISSN 0925-5214. S2CID 86200880.
  19. ^ a b Fuchs, M.; Almeyda, C. V.; Al Rwahnih, M.; Atallah, S. S.; Cieniewicz, E. J.; Farrar, K.; Foote, W. R.; Golino, D. A.; Gómez, M. I.; Harper, S. J.; Kelly, M. K.; Martin, R. R.; Martinson, T.; Osman, F. M.; Park, K.; Scharlau, V.; Smith, R.; Tzanetakis, I. E.; Vidalakis, G.; Welliver, R. (2021). "Economic Studies Reinforce Efforts to Safeguard Specialty Crops in the United States". Plant Disease. 105 (1). American Phytopathological Society: 14–26. doi:10.1094/pdis-05-20-1061-fe. hdl:1813/110213. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 32840434. S2CID 221305685.
  20. ^ "Foundation Plant Services". Foundation Plant Services. Retrieved July 2, 2022.
  21. ^ a b "D-97-06: Plant Protection Export Certification Program for Grapevine Nursery Stock, Vitis spp". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  22. ^ "D-94-34: Import requirements for grapevine propagative material". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
  23. ^ a b Gent, David; Mahaffee, Walter; McRoberts, Neil; Pfender, William (2013). "The Use and Role of Predictive Systems in Disease Management". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 51 (1). Annual Reviews: 267–289. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102356. ISSN 0066-4286. PMID 23682914.
  24. ^ Hoffman, Matthew; Lubell, Mark; Hillis, Vicken (2011). "Learning Pathways in Viticulture Management". Research Brief. University of California, Davis Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior. S2CID 13829651.
  25. ^ a b Cantu, Dario; Walker, Andrew; Kole, Chittaranjan (2019). The Grape Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18601-2. ISBN 978-3-030-18601-2. ISSN 2199-4781. S2CID 207988507.
  26. ^ a b Mehlenbacher, Shawn (1995). "Classical and molecular approaches to breeding fruit and nut crops for disease resistance". HortScience. 30 (3). American Society for Horticultural Science: 466–477. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.30.3.466. S2CID 86875682.
  27. ^ a b c d e Darriaut, Romain; Lailheugue, Vincent; Masneuf, Isabelle; Marguerit, Elisa; Martins, Guilherme; Compant, Stéphane; Ballestra, Patricia; Upton, Steven; Ollat, Nathalie; Lauvergeat, Virginie (2022). "Grapevine rootstock and soil microbiome interactions: Keys for a resilient viticulture". Horticulture Research. 9. Nature Portfolio (Nanjing Agricultural University): 1–16. doi:10.1093/hr/uhac019. PMC 8985100. PMID 35184168. uhac019.
  28. ^ Fox, Hal (2022). "A Review of Blackfoot, Petri, and Esca; Grapevine Fungal Diseases, their Treatments and the Impacts of Copper Based Fungicides". ECOrestoration (1). University of Victoria Restoration of Natural Systems Program.
  29. ^ a b c Sonker, Nivedita; Pandey, Abhay; Singh, Pooja (2016). "Strategies to control post-harvest diseases of table grape: a review". Journal of Wine Research. 27 (2). Routledge: 105–122. doi:10.1080/09571264.2016.1151407. S2CID 87352269.
  30. ^ a b c d e MORETTI, Samuele; PACETTI, Andrea; PIERRON, Romain; KASSEMEYER, Hanns-Heinz; FISCHER, Michael; PÉROS, Jean-Pierre; PEREZ-GONZALEZ, Gabriel; BIELER, Evie; SCHILLING, Marion; DI MARCO, Stefano; GELHAYE, Eric; MUGNAI, Laura; BERTSCH, Chritophe; FARINE, Sibylle (2021). "Fomitiporia mediterranea M. Fisch., the historical Esca agent: a comprehensive review on the main grapevine wood rot agent in Europe". Phytopathologia Mediterranea. 60 (2). Firenze University Press: 177–385. doi:10.36253/phyto-13021. hdl:2158/1249553. ISSN 1593-2095. S2CID 239043059.
  31. ^ a b Songy, A.; Fernandez, O.; Clement, C.; Larignon, P.; Fontaine, F. (2019). "Grapevine trunk diseases under thermal and water stresses". Planta. 249 (6). Springer Science and Business Media: 1655–1679. Bibcode:2019Plant.249.1655S. doi:10.1007/s00425-019-03111-8. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 30805725. S2CID 253887159.
  32. ^ a b Gramaje, David; Torres, Jose; Sosnowski, Mark (2017). "Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases With Respect to Etiology and Epidemiology: Current Strategies and Future Prospects". Plant Disease. 102 (1). American Phytopathological Society: 12–39. doi:10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0512-FE. hdl:10261/187676. PMID 30673457.
  33. ^ Gramaje, David; Torres, Jose; Sosnowski, Mark (2017). "Managing Grapevine Trunk Diseases With Respect to Etiology and Epidemiology: Current Strategies and Future Prospects". Plant Disease. 102 (1). American Phytopathological Society: 12–39. doi:10.1094/PDIS-04-17-0512-FE. hdl:10261/187676. PMID 30673457. This review cites this research. Travadon, R.; Baumgartner, K.; Rolshausen, P.; Gubler, W.; Sosnowski, M.; Lecomte, P.; Halleen, F.; Peros, J. (2011). "Genetic structure of the fungal grapevine pathogen Eutypa lata from four continents". Plant Pathology. 61 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 85–95. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02496.x. ISSN 0032-0862.
  34. ^ a b c Cruz, Abraham; Figueroa, Rosa; Garcia, Jadran; Tran, Eric; Rolshausen, Philippe; Baumgartner, Kendra; Cantu, Dario (2018). "Profiling grapevine trunk pathogens in planta: a case for community-targeted DNA metabarcoding". BMC Microbiology. 18 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 214. doi:10.1186/s12866-018-1343-0. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 6295080. PMID 30547761. This review cites this research. Travadon, Renaud; Baumgartner, Kendra (2015). "Molecular Polymorphism and Phenotypic Diversity in the Eutypa Dieback Pathogen Eutypa lata". Phytopathology. 105 (2). American Phytopathological Society: 255–264. doi:10.1094/phyto-04-14-0117-r. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 25084304.
  35. ^ a b "Xiphinema index and its Relationship to Grapevines: A review". South African Journal of Enology & Viticulture. 33 (1). Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service. 2012. eISSN 2224-7904. ISSN 0253-939X.
  36. ^ a b c Cieniewicz, Elizabeth; Qiu, Wenping; Saldarelli, Pasquale; Fuchs, Marc (2020). "Believing is seeing: lessons from emerging viruses in grapevine". Journal of Plant Pathology. 102 (3). Springer Nature Switzerland AG: 619–632. doi:10.1007/s42161-019-00484-3. S2CID 213827429.
  37. ^ Redak, Richard A.; Purcell, Alexander H.; Lopes, João R.S.; Blua, Matthew J.; Mizell III, Russell F.; Andersen, Peter C. (2004). "The Biology of Xylem Fluid-Feeding Insect Vectors of Xylella fastidiosa and Their Relation to Disease Epidemiology". Annual Review of Entomology. 49. Annual Reviews: 243–70. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123403. PMID 14651464.
  38. ^ a b Hendrichs, Jorge; Pereira, Rui; Vreysen, Marc (2021). Area-wide Integrated Pest Management (1 ed.). CRC Press. p. 1028. ISBN 9781003169239. ISBN 9781000393460.
  39. ^
  40. ^ a b Rao, M.; Mani, M.; Prasad, Y.; Prabhakar, M.; Sridhar, V.; Vennila, S.; Singh, V. (2022). Trends in Horticultural Entomology (1 ed.). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-19-0343-4. ISBN 978-981-19-0342-7.
  41. ^ "Grape / Agriculture: Pest Management". UC Integrated Pest Management. UC Agriculture.
  42. ^ a b "Delayed-Dormancy". University of California Integrated Pest Management. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. July 2015. 3448. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  43. ^ "Delayed-Dormant And Budbreak Monitoring". University of California Integrated Pest Management. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. July 2015. 3448. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  44. ^ a b "Budbreak". University of California Integrated Pest Management. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. July 2015. 3448. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
  45. ^ a b "Rapid Shoot Growth". UC IPM.
  46. ^ a b "Agriculture: Grape Pest Management Guidelines: Postharvest". University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. July 2015. 3448. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  47. ^ "European Fruit Lecanium Scale". Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
  48. ^ a b Carey, James; Harder, Daniel; Zalom, Frank; Wishner, Nan (2022). "Failure by Design: Lessons from the recently rescinded light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) eradication program in California". Pest Management Science. 79 (3). John Wiley & Sons Inc.: 915–921. doi:10.1002/ps.7246. PMC 10100390. PMID 36268596. S2CID 253044874.
  49. ^ a b "Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer". Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
  50. ^ a b c Abbas, Muneer; Saleem, Muhammad; Hussain, Dilbar; Ramzan, Muhammad; Jawad, Muhammad; Abbas, Sohail; Hussain, Niaz; Irshad, Muhammad; Hussain, Khalid; Ghouse, Ghulam; Khaliq, Mudassar; Parveen, Zubeda (2022). "Review on integrated disease and pest management of field crops". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 42 (5). Springer Nature Switzerland AG: 3235–3243. Bibcode:2022IJTIS..42.3235A. doi:10.1007/s42690-022-00872-w. ISSN 1742-7592. S2CID 252056222. African Association of Insect Scientists. cites Mills, Nicholas; Daane, Kent (2005). "Biological and cultural controls … Nonpesticide alternatives can suppress crop pests". California Agriculture. 59 (1). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources: 23–28. doi:10.3733/ca.v059n01p23.
  51. ^ Mani, M.; Shivaraju, C. (2016). Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. Springer India. ISBN 978-81-322-2675-8. LCCN 2016930104. ISBN 978-81-322-2677-2.
  52. ^ a b Reineke, A.; Thiéry, D. (2016). "Grapevine insect pests and their natural enemies in the age of global warming". Journal of Pest Science. 89 (2). Springer Science+Business Media: 313–328. Bibcode:2016JPesS..89..313R. doi:10.1007/s10340-016-0761-8. S2CID 254194375.
  53. ^ a b c d "Thrips". University of California, Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
  54. ^ "Ants / Grape / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program". UC Statewide IPM Program. 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
  55. ^ a b "Black Vine Weevil". Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. 2015.
  56. ^ a b c "Orange Tortrix". Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California.
  57. ^ a b c "Mealybugs (Pseudococcus)". University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, Statewide IPM Program.
  58. ^ a b c d e Forneck, Astrid; Huber, Lars (2009). "(A)sexual reproduction - a review of life cycles of grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 131 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 1–10. Bibcode:2009EEApp.131....1F. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00811.x. eISSN 1570-7458. ISSN 0013-8703. S2CID 86508790. This review cites this research. Lin, Hong; Walker, M.; Hu, Rong; Granett, Jeffrey (2006). "New Simple Sequence Repeat Loci for the Study of Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) Genetics and Host Adaptation". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 57 (1). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 33–40. doi:10.5344/ajev.2006.57.1.33. ISSN 0002-9254. S2CID 83813908.
  59. ^ a b Clark, J. (2003). Grape breeding at the University of Arkansas: approaching forty years of progress. VIII International Conference on Grape Genetics and Breeding. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 603. Kecskemet, Hungary: International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 357–360. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.603.45. eISSN 2406-6168. ISBN 978-90-66059-56-6. ISSN 0567-7572.
  60. ^ Fruit Breeding. Handbook of Plant Breeding (1 ed.). New York, NY, USA: Springer Science+Business Media. 2012. pp. xv * 875. eISSN 2363-8486. ISBN 978-1-4419-0763-9. ISSN 2363-8478. LCCN 2011943557. ISBN 978-1-4419-0762-2. ISBN 978-1-4939-3904-6.
  61. ^ Hopkins, D. L.; Purcell, A. H. (2002). "Xylella fastidiosa: Cause of Pierce's Disease of Grapevine and Other Emergent Diseases". Plant Disease. 86 (10). American Phytopathological Society: 1056–1066. doi:10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1056. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30818496. S2CID 73462436.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bruening, George; Kirkpatrick, Bruce C.; Esser, Thomas; Webster, Robert K. (2014). "Managing newly established pests and diseases: Cooperative efforts contained spread of Pierce's disease and found genetic resistance". California Agriculture. 68 (4). UC Agriculture: 134–141. doi:10.3733/ca.v068n04p134. ISSN 0008-0845.
  63. ^ Rieger, Ted (December 3, 2019). "New PD-Resistant Wine Grape Varieties Named and Released". Wine Business. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  64. ^ Keller, Markus (2020). The Science of Grapevines (3 ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. xii+541. ISBN 978-0-12-816702-1. OCLC 1137850204.
  65. ^ Crandall, Sharifa; Spychalla, Jamie; Crouch, Uma; Acevedo, Flor; Naegele, Rachel; Miles, Timothy (2022). "Rotting grapes don't improve with age: cluster rot disease complexes, management, and future prospects". Plant Disease. 106 (8). American Phytopathological Society: 1363–1383. doi:10.1094/pdis-04-21-0695-fe. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 15757173. S2CID 20561417.
  66. ^
    Riaz, S.; Tenscher, A.; Ramming, D.; Walker, M. (2010). "Using a limited mapping strategy to identify major QTLs for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and their use in marker-assisted breeding". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 122 (6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1059–1073. doi:10.1007/s00122-010-1511-6. ISSN 0040-5752. PMC 3056998. PMID 21188350.
    This research is cited by this review.
    GADOURY, DAVID; DAVIDSON, LANCE; WILCOX, WAYNE; DRY, IAN; SEEM, ROBERT; MILGROOM, MICHAEL (2011). "Grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): a fascinating system for the study of the biology, ecology and epidemiology of an obligate biotroph". Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00728.x. ISSN 1464-6722. PMC 6638670. PMID 21726395.
  67. ^
    GADOURY, DAVID; DAVIDSON, LANCE; WILCOX, WAYNE; DRY, IAN; SEEM, ROBERT; MILGROOM, MICHAEL (2011). "Grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator): a fascinating system for the study of the biology, ecology and epidemiology of an obligate biotroph". Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00728.x. ISSN 1464-6722. PMC 6638670. PMID 21726395. British Society for Plant Pathology.
    This review cites this research.
    Ramming, David; Gabler, Franka; Smilanick, Joe; Cadle, Molly; Barba, Paola; Mahanil, Siraprapa; Cadle, Lance (2011). "A Single Dominant Locus, Ren4, Confers Rapid Non-Race-Specific Resistance to Grapevine Powdery Mildew". Phytopathology. 101 (4). American Phytopathological Society: 502–508. doi:10.1094/phyto-09-10-0237. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 21091183.
  68. ^ a b Pedneault, Karine; Provost, Caroline (2016). "Fungus resistant grape varieties as a suitable alternative for organic wine production: Benefits, limits, and challenges". Scientia Horticulturae. 208. Elsevier BV: 57–77. Bibcode:2016ScHor.208...57P. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.016. ISSN 0304-4238.
  69. ^ Mace, Kevi; Rudder, Jessica; Goodhue, Rachael; Tolhurst, Tor; Tregeagle, Daniel; Wei, Hanlin; Grafton, Beth; Grettenberger, Ian; Wilson, Houston; Steenwyk, Robert; Zalom, Frank; Steggall, John (2021). "Balancing Bees and Pest Management: Projected Costs of Proposed Bee-Protective Neonicotinoid Regulation in California". Journal of Economic Entomology. 115 (1). Oxford University Press: 10–25. doi:10.1093/jee/toab231. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 34893844.
  70. ^ "San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center: Parlier, CA". USDA ARS. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  71. ^ "d361-25: USDA ARS". USDA ARS. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  72. ^ a b c Li, Jun; Wang, Xianhang; Wang, Xiping; Wang, Yuejin (2015). "Embryo rescue technique and its applications for seedless breeding in grape". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 120 (3). Springer Science+Business Media: 861–880. doi:10.1007/s11240-014-0656-4. S2CID 14517829.
  73. ^ Ramming, D.W.; Walker, M.A.; Tenscher, A.; Krivanek, A.F. (2009). Breeding: Breeding table and raisin grapes with increased fruit quality while retaining Pierce's disease resistance. 6th International Conference on Grape Genetics & Breeding. Acta Horticulturae. Vol. 827. International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 445–450. S2CID 82847131.
  74. ^ a b c Arnold, Henry (2019). "UC Davis releases 5 grape varieties resistant to Pierce's disease". ANR Blogs. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  75. ^ a b Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A, ed. (2001). Molecular Biology & Biotechnology of the Grapevine (1 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2308-4. ISBN 978-94-017-2310-7.
  76. ^ a b These reviews cite this research.
  77. ^ a b c d Myles, Sean (2013). "Improving fruit and wine: what does genomics have to offer?". Trends in Genetics. 29 (4). Elsevier BV: 190–196. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.01.006. ISSN 0168-9525. PMID 23428114. This review cites this research. Riaz, Summaira; Tenscher, Alan; Graziani, Rachel; Krivanek, Alan; Ramming, David; Walker, Andrew (2009). "Using Marker-Assisted Selection to Breed Pierce's Disease-Resistant Grapes". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 60 (2). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 199–207. doi:10.5344/ajev.2009.60.2.199. ISSN 0002-9254. S2CID 83789608.
  78. ^ Roubelakis-Angelakis, Kalliopi A, ed. (2001). Molecular Biology & Biotechnology of the Grapevine (1 ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2308-4. ISBN 978-94-017-2310-7.: 438, 440, 441, 443, 445, 447  This book cites this research. Bowers, John; Dangl, Gerald; Meredith, Carole (1999). "Development and Characterization of Additional Microsatellite DNA Markers for Grape". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 50 (3). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 243–246. doi:10.5344/ajev.1999.50.3.243. S2CID 84093205.
  79. ^ a b Buonassisi, Daniele; Colombo, Monica; Migliaro, Daniele; Dolzani, Chiara; Peressotti, Elisa; Mizzotti, Chiara; Velasco, Riccardo; Masiero, Simona; Perazzolli, Michele; Vezzulli, Silvia (2017). "Breeding for grapevine downy mildew resistance: a review of "omics" approaches". Euphytica. 213 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1882-8. ISSN 0014-2336. S2CID 254471074. This review cites this research. This, P.; Jung, A.; Boccacci, P.; Borrego, J.; Botta, R.; Costantini, L.; Crespan, M.; Dangl, G. S.; Eisenheld, C.; Ferreira-Monteiro, F.; Grando, S.; Ibanez, J.; Lacombe, T.; Laucou, V.; Magalhaes, R.; Meredith, C. P.; Milani, N.; Peterlunger, E.; Regner, F.; Zulini, L.; Maul, E. (2004). "Development of a standard set of microsatellite reference alleles for identification of grape cultivars". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 109 (7). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1448–1458. doi:10.1007/s00122-004-1760-3. ISSN 0040-5752. PMID 15565426. S2CID 6556318.
  80. ^ a b c Cantu, Dario; Walker, Andrew; Kole, Chittaranjan (2019). The Grape Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18601-2. ISBN 978-3-030-18600-5. ISSN 2199-4781. S2CID 207988507. 978-3-030-18600-5. 978-3-030-18603-6. 978-3-030-18601-2.: 27, 34  This book cites this research. Dangl, Gerald; Raiche, Roger; Sim, Sue; Yang, Judy; Golino, Deborah (2010). "Genetic Composition of the Ornamental Grape Roger's Red". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 61 (2). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 266–271. doi:10.5344/ajev.2010.61.2.266. ISSN 0002-9254. S2CID 83747857.
  81. ^ Kole, Chittaranjan (2011). Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Temperate fruits. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-16057-8. OCLC 710061651.: 226  This book cites this research. Vignani, R.; Bowers, J.; Meredith, C. (1996). "Microsatellite DNA polymorphism analysis of clones of Vitis vinifera 'Sangiovese'". Scientia Horticulturae. 65 (2–3). Elsevier BV: 163–169. Bibcode:1996ScHor..65..163V. doi:10.1016/0304-4238(95)00865-9. ISSN 0304-4238.
  82. ^ a b Keller, Markus (2020). The Science of Grapevines (3 ed.). London: Academic Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-12-816702-1. OCLC 1137850204. This book cites this research. Meredith, Carole; Bowers, John; Riaz, Summaira; Handley, Vanessa; Bandman, Elizabeth; Dangl, Gerald (1999). "The Identity and Parentage of the Variety Known in California as Petite Sirah". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 50 (3). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 236–242. doi:10.5344/ajev.1999.50.3.236. ISSN 0002-9254. S2CID 97979305.
  83. ^ a b c Keller, Markus (2020). The Science of Grapevines (3 ed.). London: Academic Press. p. 24,26. ISBN 978-0-12-816702-1. OCLC 1137850204. This book cites this research. Ibanez, Javier; Vargas, Alba; Palancar, Margarita; Borrego, Joaquin; Andres, M. (2009). "Genetic Relationships among Table-Grape Varieties". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 60 (1). American Society for Enology and Viticulture: 35–42. doi:10.5344/ajev.2009.60.1.35. ISSN 0002-9254.
  84. ^ Stotz, Henrik U.; Powell, Ann L. T.; Damon, Susan E.; Greve, L. Carl; Bennett, Alan B.; Labavitch, John M. (May 1, 1993). "Molecular Characterization of a Polygalacturonase Inhibitor from Pyrus communis L. cv Bartlett". Plant Physiology. 102 (1). Oxford University Press: 133–138. doi:10.1104/pp.102.1.133. ISSN 0032-0889. PMC 158755. PMID 8108494. S2CID 6515202.
  85. ^ Agüero, Cecilia B.; Uratsu, Sandra L.; Greve, Carl; Powell, Ann L. T.; Labavitch, John M.; Meredith, Carole P.; Dandekar, Abhaya M. (2005). "Evaluation of tolerance to Pierce's disease and Botrytis in transgenic plants of Vitis vinifera L. expressing the pear PGIP gene". Molecular Plant Pathology. 6 (1). Wiley-Blackwell: 43–51. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00262.x. ISSN 1464-6722. PMID 20565637. S2CID 31568556.
  86. ^ Dandekar, Abhaya M.; Gouran, Hossein; Ibáñez, Ana María; Uratsu, Sandra L.; Agüero, Cecilia B.; McFarland, Sarah; Borhani, Yasmin; Feldstein, Paul A.; Bruening, George; Nascimento, Rafael; Goulart, Luiz R.; Pardington, Paige E.; Chaudhary, Anu; Norvell, Meghan; Civerolo, Edwin; Gupta, Goutam (February 21, 2012). "An engineered innate immune defense protects grapevines from Pierce disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (10). National Academy of Sciences: 3721–3725. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.3721D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116027109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3309795. PMID 22355130. S2CID 43081837.
  87. ^ Trigoso, Ana; Frago, Rui; Costa, Ana (2022). "Sustainability awareness in the Portuguese wine industry: a grounded theory approach". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 20 (7). Taylor & Francis: 1437–1453. Bibcode:2022IJAgS..20.1437T. doi:10.1080/14735903.2022.2150377. S2CID 254335415. Zakowski, Emily; Mace, Kevi (2022). "Cosmetic pesticide use: quantifying use and its policy implications in California, USA". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 20 (4). Taylor & Francis: 423–437. Bibcode:2022IJAgS..20..423Z. doi:10.1080/14735903.2021.1939519. S2CID 236297471.
  88. ^ a b Kole, Chittaranjan, ed. (2022). Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Fruit Crops (1 ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. xxii & 384. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91802-6. ISBN 978-3-030-91801-9. S2CID 247524337. ISBN 978-3-030-91802-6. cites Brown, Albre; Travadon, Renaud; Lawrence, Daniel; Torres, Gabriel; Zhuang, George; Baumgartner, Kendra (2021). "Pruning-wound protectants for trunk-disease management in California table grapes". Crop Protection. 141. Elsevier: 105490. Bibcode:2021CrPro.14105490B. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105490. ISSN 0261-2194. S2CID 229434975.
  89. ^ a b c d This review Garcia Figuera, Sara; Babcock, Bruce; Lubell, Mark; McRoberts, Neil (2022). "Collective action in the area-wide management of an invasive plant disease". Ecology and Society. 27 (2). The Resilience Alliance. doi:10.5751/ES-13217-270212. S2CID 248801611. cites this research Haviland, David; Smith, Beth; Gonzalez, Minerva (2021). "Control of Pierce's Disease Through Areawide Management of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Roguing of Infected Grapevines". Journal of Integrated Pest Management. 12 (1). Oxford University Press: 14. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmab008.
  90. ^ a b Krugner, Rodrigo; Sisterson, Mark; Backus, Elaine; Burbank, Lindsey; Redak, Richard (2019). "Sharpshooters: a review of what moves Xylella fastidiosa". Austral Entomology. 58 (2). Australian Entomological Society: 248–267. doi:10.1111/aen.12397. eISSN 2052-1758. S2CID 182504242.
  91. ^ a b c Bentley, Walter (2009). "The integrated control concept and its relevance to current integrated pest management in California fresh market grapes". Pest Management Science. 65 (12). John Wiley & Sons Inc.: 1298–1304. doi:10.1002/ps.1840. PMID 19731261.
  92. ^ a b c Goodhue, Rachael; Mace, Kevi; Rudder, Jessica; Tolhurst, Tor; Tregeagle, Daniel; Wei, Hanlin; Cardwell, Beth; Grettenberger, Ian; Wilson, Houston; Steenwyk, Robert; Steggall, John (2022). Economic and pest management evaluation of the withdrawal of chlorpyrifos: six major California commodities (PDF) (Report). University of California, California Department of Food and Agriculture's Office of Pesticide Consultation and Analysis, Department of Pesticide Regulation. p. 109.
  93. ^ a b c d This study Costello, Michael; Daane, Kent (1998). "Influence of ground cover on spider populations in a table grape vineyard". Ecological Entomology. 23 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 33–40. Bibcode:1998EcoEn..23...33C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1998.00108.x. S2CID 15707905. is cited by these reviews:
  94. ^ "Pesticide Application Checklist". University of California Statewide IPM Program (UP IPM), Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2015.
  95. ^ a b c d This review Pichyangkuraa, Rath; Chadchawanb, Supachitra (2015). "Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture". Scientia Horticulturae. 196. Elsevier B.V.: 49–65. Bibcode:2015ScHor.196...49P. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.031. cites this research Romanazzi, Gianfranco; Mlikota, Franka; Margosan, Dennis; Mackey, Bruce; Smilanick, Joseph (2009). "Effect of Chitosan Dissolved in Different Acids on Its Ability to Control Postharvest Gray Mold of Table Grape". Phytopathology. 99 (9). American Phytopathological Society: 1028–1036. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1028. PMID 19671004.
  96. ^ This study Karabulut, Ozgur; Smilanick, Joseph; Gabler, Franka; Mansour, Monir; Droby, Samir (2003). "Near-Harvest Applications of Metschnikowia fructicola, Ethanol, and Sodium Bicarbonate to Control Postharvest Diseases of Grape in Central California". Plant Disease. 87 (11). American Phytopathological Society: 1384–1389. doi:10.1094/pdis.2003.87.11.1384. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30812558. is cited by these reviews:
  97. ^ a b Tumber, Kabir; Alston, Julian; Fuller, Kate (2012). The Costs of Pierce's Disease in the California Winegrape Industry (Report). Robert Mondavi Institute Center for Wine Economics. CWE Working Paper #1204.
  98. ^ a b Cimini, A.; Moresi, M. (2022). "Research trends in the oenological and viticulture sectors". Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 28 (3). John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd: 475–491. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12546. S2CID 247162113.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grape_cultivation_in_California&oldid=1254909540"