Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig (born Helena Sternlicht; April 25, 1925 – December 20, 2018) was a Polish Holocaust survivor who was interned during World War II at the Płaszów concentration camp where she was forced to work as a maid for SS camp commandant Amon Göth.
Helen Jonas-Rosenzweig | |
|---|---|
| Born | Helena Sternlicht April 25, 1925 Kraków, Poland |
| Died | December 20, 2018 (aged 93) Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. |
| Citizenship | American |
| Spouses | Joseph Jonas
(m. 1946; died 1980)Henry Rosenzweig
(m. 1990; died 2007) |
| Children | 3 |
Born in Kraków, she survived the Holocaust with the help of Oskar Schindler, who was credited with saving the lives of nearly 1,200 Jewish forced laborers. After the war, Jonas-Rosenzweig emigrated to the United States. She resided in Boca Raton, Florida. Jonas-Rosenzweig met the daughter of Amon Göth, Monika Hertwig, and together they were featured in the 2006 documentary, Inheritance, made for PBS by James Moll.
Early life
editHelen Jonas-Rosenzweig was born Helena Sternlicht in Kraków, Second Polish Republic in 1925,[1] to Szymon and Lola Sternlicht.[2] She was the youngest daughter of an observant Jewish family.[3] She remembered her early life as happy. She had two sisters, Bronisława and Sydonia.[4] When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, she and her family were forced to relocate to the Kraków Ghetto.[5]
World War II
edit
Płaszów Concentration Camp
editIn 1942, Sternlicht and her family were deported from the Kraków Ghetto and sent to concentration camps. Her father died at the Bełżec extermination camp. She, her mother, and two sisters were sent to Kraków-Płaszów, an arbeitslager (forced labor camp).
On the third day of her internment at Płaszów, Sternlicht was washing windows in a barracks when Göth, the camp commandant, entered the room. He commented on the job she was doing and ordered her to go to his villa on the grounds of the camp to work as a housemaid.[4][7][8]
She moved from the barracks to Göth's residence, where she was forced to work as a maid. She shared a room in the basement with another woman, Helen Hirsch (portrayed in the novel Schindler's Ark and its film adaptation Schindler's List), who was also forced to work for Göth. The two women shared the household duties at the commandant's home for the next two years, where they lived in constant fear for their lives.[2]
While working for Göth, Sternlicht saw his notorious sadism firsthand.[9] She said that he would shoot prisoners from the balcony of his villa,[8] and she saw him murder several people and order the deaths of many more. He also beat her. She said that while Göth as depicted in Schindler's List appeared to be interested romantically in his maid, he was not attracted to her in real life.[7]
She later recalled that shortly after she moved to Göth's home, she saw him suddenly, and without provocation, shoot dead a young Jewish man who worked for him as a valet.[2] During this period Sternlicht had a boyfriend at the camp, Adam Sztab, who was part of a resistance group inside the camp. She stole some papers from Göth that she gave to Sztab. Göth was told of Sztab's activities by a guard. Göth shot Sztab to death within earshot of Sternlicht, and she was certain that he would kill her too, but he never mentioned it to her. Göth had Sztab's body hung publicly for other prisoners to see, along with a warning about trying to escape.[7]
Oskar Schindler
edit
Oskar Schindler was a frequent guest at Göth's home and he often had encouraging words for Sternlicht, who recalled his saying to her, "Remember the people in Egypt? They were freed. So you will be, too."[7] After Göth's arrest for embezzling Jewish property from the German government, she later recalled, "Like magic, all of a sudden the doorbell rings – Schindler is standing there in his coat and saying, 'You're coming with me'". Schindler, who saved about 1,200 Jews from Auschwitz by claiming he needed them to work in his factory, added Sternlicht and her sisters, Bronisława and Sydonia, along with Helen Hirsch, to his list of workers who later became known as the Schindlerjuden.[10] By that time, their mother had died from pneumonia due to the poor conditions at the camp.[7]
As the Red Army approached Kraków in late 1944, Płaszów was closed, and the inmates were sent to camps around Poland, including death camps like Auschwitz. Schindler made plans to open a munitions factory in Brněnec, Czech Protectorate, using the workers he had in Kraków. The men on Schindler's list travelled safely by train to Brněnec, but Schindler's 300 female workers, including Sternlicht and her sisters, were sent to Auschwitz. After a few weeks of negotiations and bribes by Schindler, the women were sent to Brněnec as well. Sternlicht and her sisters spent the remainder of the war in the relative safety of Schindler's camp until they were liberated by the Red Army in May 1945.[4]
After the war, Sternlicht testified against Amon Göth at his trial in Kraków, where he was sentenced to death and executed. She met Joseph Jonas two days after liberation, married him and emigrated with her family to the United States in 1946.[4]
.JPG)
Inheritance
editIn 2004, Jonas-Rosenzweig met with Monika Hertwig, Amon Göth's daughter.[8][11][12] Hertwig had requested the meeting, but Jonas-Rosenzweig was hesitant because her memories of Göth and the concentration camp were so traumatic. She eventually agreed after Hertwig wrote to her, "We have to do it for the murdered people."[8]
Jonas-Rosenzweig felt touched by this sentiment and agreed to meet her at the Płaszów Memorial Monument in Poland and tour Göth's villa with her for the 2006 documentary Inheritance. The documentary's director, James Moll, an associate of Steven Spielberg, helped bring the two women together to make the film for PBS.[8][11][12][13]
Personal life
editTwo days after they were liberated from the Nazis, she met her first husband, Joseph Jonas. They married in 1946 and emigrated to the United States. They lived in the Bronx, raising three children: a son and twin girls.[4]
In 1980, Joseph, who suffered from survivor's guilt, committed suicide.[7] She then married a philanthropist and real-estate developer, Henry Rosenzweig (born 5 September 1917).[14] She was widowed a second time in 2007. She resided in Boca Raton, Florida until her death in December 2018.[7][15][16]
References
edit- ^ "List of Schindler's Workers" (PDF). Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b c Crowe, David (2007). Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List. Basic Books. pp. 259–64. ISBN 9780465002535.
- ^ Walsh, Treva (2020-12-14). "Those Who Were There: Helen Jonas". Museum of Jewish Heritage — A Living Memorial to the Holocaust. Archived from the original on 2023-07-20. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ a b c d e Brecher, Elinor J. (1994). Schindler's Legacy. Plume. pp. 53–76. ISBN 9780452273535.
- ^ Essential Krakow (27 April 2012). "History of the Krakow Ghetto with photographs". Krakow-Poland.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014.
- ^ Bartosz T. Wieliński (10 July 2012). "Amon Göth myśliwy z KL Płaszów" [Amon Göth, the hunter of KL Płaszów]. Column alehistoria (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sturrock, Staci (25 January 2011). "Holocaust survivor: 'I lived in such fear. I experienced such evilness'". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Fishman, Aleisha. "Helen Jonas, Holocaust Survivor". Voices on Antisemitism — A Podcast Series. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ Santos, Fernanda (2007-09-24). "Shared Present Helps Ease Survivors' Painful Past". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "11 May 1945: Schindlerjuden Befreiung". Daily Kos. Kos Media LLC. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Overcoming Prejudice". Oprah.com. Harpo Productions. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ a b Tanabe, Karin. "Daughter of evil". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ Dettelbach, Cynthia (December 12, 2008). "Collecting an 'Inheritance' no one would wish for". Cleveland Jewish News. Archived from the original on 2023-10-23. Retrieved 2018-08-24.
- ^ Levine, Zach. "Schindler survivor tells story of enslavement". New Jersey Jewish News. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
- ^ "Helen Jonas Obituary". legacy.com.
- ^ "Jonas, Helen Obituary". bethisraelchapel.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-03. Retrieved 2019-12-03.