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Hero (2002 film)

Hero (Chinese: 英雄; pinyin: Yīngxióng) is a 2002 wuxia martial arts film[3] directed, co-written, and produced by Zhang Yimou, and starring Jet Li, Tony Leung Chiu-wai, Maggie Cheung, Zhang Ziyi, Donnie Yen and Chen Daoming.[4] The cinematography was by Christopher Doyle, and the musical score composed by Tan Dun. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 75th Academy Awards.

Hero
Chinese theatrical release poster
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese英雄
Simplified Chinese英雄
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYīngxióng
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingJing Hung
Directed byZhang Yimou
Screenplay by
  • Feng Li
  • Bin Wang
  • Zhang Yimou
Story byFeng Li
Bin Wang
Zhang Yimou
Produced byZhang Yimou
Bill Kong
Starring
CinematographyChristopher Doyle
Edited byAngie Lam
Music byTan Dun
Production
companies
Sil-Metropole Organisation
CFCC
Elite Group Enterprises
Zhang Yimou Studio
Beijing New Picture Film
Distributed byBeijing New Picture Film
Release dates
  • 24 October 2002 (2002-10-24) (China)
  • 21 December 2002 (2002-12-21) (Hong Kong)
Running time
99 minutes
CountriesChina
Hong Kong[1]
LanguageMandarin
Budget$31 million[2]
Box office$177.4 million[2]

The historical background of the film refers to the Warring States Period in ancient China, when China was divided into seven states. In 227–221 BC, the Qin state was about to unify the other six states, assassins from the six states were sent to assassinate the king of Qin. One of the most famous incidents was Jing Ke's attempted assassination of the King of Qin.[5]

Hero was first released in China on 24 October 2002. At that time, it was the most expensive project[6] and one of the highest-grossing motion pictures in China.[7] Miramax acquired American market distribution rights, but delayed the release of the film for nearly two years. Quentin Tarantino eventually convinced Miramax to open the film in American theaters on 27 August 2004.[8][9]

The film received positive reviews from critics. It became the first Chinese-language movie to top the American box office, where it stayed for two consecutive weeks, and went on to earn $53.7 million in the United States and $177 million worldwide.[2]

Plot

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During the Warring States period, Nameless, a Qin prefect, arrives at the Qin capital city to meet the king, who has survived multiple assassination attempts by Long Sky, Flying Snow, and Broken Sword. Implementing tight security, the king forbids visitors from approaching within 100 paces. Nameless asserts he has killed the assassins, displaying their weapons. Impressed, the king permits Nameless to approach within ten paces to share his story.

Nameless recounts killing Sky at a gaming house before meeting Flying Snow and Broken Sword at a calligraphy school in a city besieged by the Qin army. Seeking to learn Sword's skill, he commissions a calligraphy scroll with the character for "Sword" (劍). Nameless learns of Snow and Sword's strained relationship. Upon completing the scroll, Nameless reveals his identity and the truth about Snow and Sky's relationship. He challenges Snow to a duel.

Meanwhile, a heartbroken and furious Sword engages in a tryst with his pupil, Moon. Snow kills Sword in retaliation, and Moon when she seeks vengeance. The following day, Nameless slays an emotionally unstable Snow before the Qin army, seizing her sword.

As the story wraps up, the king doubts Nameless, alleging he orchestrated the duels with the assassins. During the previous attempt, the king saw Sword as honorable, doubting his betrayal of Snow. The king suggests the assassins sacrificed themselves to earn Nameless the king's trust, enabling him to get close and assassinate the king.

In the king's version of the story, Nameless approaches Snow and Sword after staging a battle with Sky. He claims to have mastered a technique to kill anyone within ten paces, including the king. To get close to the king, Nameless needs to present one of their weapons. Snow and Sword argue over who should sacrifice themselves, leading to a brief scuffle where Snow injures Sword. Snow faces Nameless before the Qin army, while Sword, still recovering, watches. Snow is defeated, and Moon later gives Nameless her master's sword, suggesting that the swords of Snow and Sword should remain united even in death.

Nameless admits possessing the special technique the king mentioned but insists the King underestimated Sword. He reveals the technique's dual nature: deadly yet capable of appearing fatal while avoiding vital organs. Nameless used it on Sky, then orchestrated a fake duel with Snow and Sword. Snow agrees, but Sword refuses. Snow accuses Sword of squandering their chance three years prior when he spared the king of Qin during their assault. In anger, she attacks Sword, wounding him with Nameless's aid. The following day, Nameless "kills" Snow before the Qin army.

Later, Sword reveals to Nameless his decision to spare the king, expressing his desire for a unified, peaceful China achievable only through the king's leadership. Sending Nameless to the Qin capital, Sword inscribes "All Under Heaven" (天下) in the sand, urging reconsideration of assassination. Touched by Sword's understanding and the tale, the king overcomes his fear of Nameless. He relinquishes his sword, examines Sword's scroll, and grasps the concept that an ideal warrior should lack the desire to kill. Moved by this wisdom, Nameless abandons his mission, sparing the king.

When Snow discovers that Sword persuaded Nameless to abandon the assassination, she angrily confronts Sword. Sword, refusing to defend himself, hopes Snow will grasp his love for her. However, Snow unintentionally kills Sword. Consumed by grief, Snow commits suicide.

Despite the king's reluctance, he orders Nameless's execution to uphold the law and set an example for national unity. Nameless is honored with a hero's funeral.

Cast

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  • Jet Li as Nameless
    A Qin prefect of a small province, orphaned at an early age. Forged into a master swordsman over years of training, Nameless possesses the singular technique "Death at Ten Paces" allowing him to strike precisely within that distance. He is the primary conspirator to assassinate the king, but ultimately decides that China's unification and peace are more important than vengeance. Hero also saw Jet Li's first appearance in a film produced by mainland China, after his debut in Shaolin Temple.
  • Tony Leung as Broken Sword
    Broken Sword and Flying Snow are the only assassins to ever infiltrate the king's palace, killing hundreds of his personal guard and very nearly the king himself before halting at the last moment. Of all the assassins, Broken Sword is the only one whom Nameless considers his equal in swordsmanship.
  • Maggie Cheung as Flying Snow
    A skilled assassin, Flying Snow is Broken Sword's lover and his equal as a swordsman (or close to). She vowed revenge upon the King for killing her father in battle. When Broken Sword convinces Nameless to abandon the assassination attempt on the king, Flying Snow kills him and later herself.
  • Chen Daoming as the King of Qin
    An ambitious leader who desires to become the first Emperor of China. Following an assassination attempt, he withdraws into his palace, which he empties of all but his most trusted advisors, and always wears his battle armor.
  • Donnie Yen as Long Sky
    An accomplished spearman, Sky is the first to be "defeated" by Nameless, who takes Sky's broken spear as proof of his defeat to the king.
  • Zhang Ziyi as Moon
    Broken Sword's loyal apprentice, skilled in using twin swords.

Production

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Director Zhang Yimou collaborated with Australian cinematographer Christopher Doyle to help realize his plan to divide the film visually into five sections, each dominated by a particular color. Zhang had initially wanted to use different cinematographers and shooting styles, but that proved impractical.[10]

Doyle compared their story to Rashomon, as it has an unreliable narrator and stories within stories. The film tells different version of the story of how an anonymous hero in ancient China overcomes three rivals. The stories are dominated by the colors red, blue, and white. Red represents desire, possessiveness and jealousy. Blue represents reason and friendship. White represents the balance of reason and desire, the ultimate truth.[11] The overall framing story is darker with shades of black, and flashbacks are shown in vibrant greens. The colors were chosen for their aesthetic reasons, not symbolic ones, and the colors orange and pink were not considered as options; Doyle was dismissive of universal theories of color, such as those put forward by Italian cinematographer Vittorio Storaro.[12]

The lake sequences were filmed in the Jiuzhaigou national park in northern Sichuan, China. The desert sequences were shot near the border with Kazakhstan.[12]

Music

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The film was scored by Tan Dun, who also conducted the China Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus for the recording. The composer Chen Yuanlin also collaborated in the project. Itzhak Perlman performs most of the violin solos, with additional solos by Tan Dun himself. The theme song, Hero (英雄), composed by Zhang Yadong and Lin Xi, was sung by Faye Wong. It is unavailable in the American versions of the film DVD and soundtrack album.[13][14] Wind & Sand (風沙) is a song inspired by the film and was sung by Tony Leung. The musical instrument seen and played during the fight in the weiqi courtyard scene is a guqin. The guqin music for that scene was performed by Liu Li.

Release

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Hero was first released in China on 24 October 2002. Miramax owned the American-market distribution rights, but delayed the release of the film a total of six times. Import DVDs of the film were sold online and Miramax demanded that the sites cease selling the DVD.[15]

The movie was finally released in American theaters on 27 August 2004 after intervention by Disney executives, Government of China and Quentin Tarantino, who helped secure an English-subtitled release.[16][8][9] Tarantino also offered to lend his name to promotional material for the film in order to attract box office attention to it; his name was attached to the credits as "Quentin Tarantino Presents".[17] In addition, a sword held by Jet Li's character in the original promotional poster was replaced by weapon resembling a katana, a Japanese weapon, in the North American promotional poster, which was both anachronistic and culturally misplaced. The United States version of the DVD, with Mandarin, English, and French soundtracks, was released on 30 November 2004.

In the United Kingdom, it was 2013's sixth most-watched foreign-language film on television, with 150,100 viewers on Channel 4.[18]

Translation of "Tianxia"

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There has been some criticism of the film for its American-release translation of one of the central ideas in the film: Tiānxià (天下) which literally means "Under heaven", and is a phrase to mean "the World". For its release in Belgium, two years before the U.S. release, the subtitled translation was "all under heaven". The version shown in American cinemas was localized as the two-word phrase "our land" instead, which seems to denote just the nation of China rather than the whole world. Whether Zhang Yimou intended the film to also have meaning with regard to the world and world unity was at that time difficult to say. Zhang Yimou was asked about the change at a screening in Massachusetts and said it was a problem of translation: "If you ask me if 'Our land' is a good translation, I can't tell you. All translations are handicapped. Every word has different meanings in different cultures."[19] In Cause: The Birth of Hero—a documentary on the making of Hero—Zhang mentions that he hopes the film will have some contemporary relevance, and that, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks the themes of universal brotherhood and "peace under heaven" may indeed be interpreted more globally, and taken to refer to peace in "the world."[20][21] The phrase was later changed in television-release versions of the film.

Reception

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Box office

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The film opened in China in October 2002. It grossed CN¥100 million within a week, and CN¥243 million in three months.[22] It topped the 2002 annual Chinese box office and set the record for the domestic highest-grossing film in China, earning CN¥250 million[23][24] ($30 million).[2]

On 27 August 2004, after a long delay, Hero opened in 2,175 North American screens uncut and subtitled. It debuted at #1, grossing $18 million in its opening weekend. Hero grossed $53.7 million in the United States and Canada.[2] It is currently the fifth highest grossing non-English film in North America, behind The Passion of the Christ, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Life is Beautiful, and Godzilla Minus One.[25][26] Hero grossed $123.7 million in international territories outside North America, for a worldwide total of $177.4 million.[2]

Critical response

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On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 94% based on 210 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "With death-defying action sequences and epic historic sweep, Hero offers everything a martial arts fan could ask for."[27] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[28] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A−" on scale of A to F.[29]

Roger Ebert called it "beautiful and beguiling, a martial arts extravaganza defining the styles and lives of its fighters within Chinese tradition." He said the film "demonstrates how the martial arts genre transcends action and violence and moves into poetry, ballet and philosophy."[6] Richard Corliss of Time described the film as being like "Rashomon with a Mandarin accent" and compared the film to House of Flying Daggers, but said "Hero is the masterpiece", adding that "it employs unparalleled visual splendor to show why men must make war to secure the peace and how warriors may find their true destiny as lovers."[30] Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune called it "swooningly beautiful, furious and thrilling" and "an action movie for the ages."[31] Charles Taylor of Salon took an especially positive stance, deeming it "one of the most ravishing spectacles the movies have given us".[32] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote: "Filled with meticulous set pieces, including a showdown between Snow and Moon set among swirls of golden-yellow leaves, Hero is easy on the eyes, but it's too segmented to gather much momentum and too art-directed to convey much urgency." Dargis was impressed by the beauty of the actors and their compelling performances, "whose passions erupt as fiercely as any of the film's fights though often to more devastating effect." She concludes: "less than the sum of its attractive parts, it's nonetheless generally pleasurable."[21] Derek Elley of Variety called it: "A dazzlingly lensed, highly stylized meditation on heroism."[10]

Nevertheless, there were several film critics who felt the film had advocated autocracy and reacted with discomfort. J. Hoberman of The Village Voice deemed it to have a "cartoon ideology" and justification for ruthless leadership comparable to Triumph of the Will.[33] Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post wrote an otherwise positive review, but concluded: "The movie, spectacular as it is, in the end confronts what must be called the tyrant's creed, and declares itself in agreement with the tyrant."[34][35][10] The "Sixth Generation" movement director Jia Zhangke described the focus of the film as "authority of power" that "for 'harmony in the world,' we should give up individual fights and efforts", and made him uncomfortable.[36]

The film also has been interpreted as a nuanced investigation into the relationship between culture on one hand, and political or military power on the other. In this approach, the film comments not only on China and its position in the world, but also on the ongoing erasures of languages and cultures under globalization.[37]

Zhang Yimou himself maintained that he had absolutely no political points to make.[38]

Accolades

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In 2014, Time Out polled several film critics, directors, actors and stunt actors to list their top action films.[39] Hero was listed at 77th place on this list.[40]

Award Category Recipients Result Ref.
Golden Globe Awards Best Foreign Language Film Hero Nominated [41]
Golden Bauhinia Awards Best Cinematography Christopher Doyle Won
Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated
Berlin International Film Festival Hero Nominated
Alfred Bauer Prize Zhang Yimou Won
Academy Awards Best Foreign Language Film Hero Nominated [42]
Hong Kong Film Awards Best Film Hero Nominated
Best Director Zhang Yimou Nominated
Best Screenplay Li Feng, Zhang Yimou and Wang Bin Nominated
Best Actress Maggie Cheung Nominated
Best Supporting Actress Zhang Ziyi Nominated
Best Cinematography Christopher Doyle Won
Best Film Editing Nominated
Best Art Direction Huo Tingxiao and Yi Zhenzhou Won
Best Costume Make Up Design Emi Wada Won
Best Action Choreography Tony Ching Siu-Tung Won
Best Original Film Score Tan Dun Won
Best Original Film Song "Hero" from Hero
by Zhang Yadong, Albert Leung and Faye Wong		 Nominated
Best Sound Design Won
Best Visual Effects Won
Taurus World Stunt Awards Best Action in a Foreign Film Tony Ching Siu-Tung Nominated [43]
Hundred Flowers Awards Best Picture Hero
(joint winner with Deng Xiaoping and Charging Out Amazon)		 Won [44]
Golden Rooster Awards Best Director Zhang Yimou Won
British Independent Film Awards Best Foreign Independent Film Hero Nominated
New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Cinematographer Christopher Doyle Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Director Yimou Zhang (also for House of Flying Daggers) Won
Best Cinematography Christopher Doyle Nominated

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "YING XIONG (2002)". BFI. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Hero (2002)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  3. ^ "How King Hu changed action cinema forever". 21 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Hero". Turner Classic Movies. United States: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  5. ^ Pines, Yuri (14 January 2021), Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.), "The Warring States Period: Historical Background", The Oxford Handbook of Early China, Oxford University Press, pp. 579–594, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.26, ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9, retrieved 23 April 2022
  6. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (26 August 2004). "Hero". Chicago Sun-Times.
  7. ^ Jones, Arthur (5 January 2003). 'Hero' kicks B.O. records." Variety.com. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Quentin Tarantino Holds Out for HERO" (15 March 2004). Fangoria. Retrieved/archived from Fangoria.com, 8 February 2006.
  9. ^ a b Johnson, G. Allen (3 February 2005). "Worldwide, Asian Films Are Grossing Millions. Here, They're Either Remade, Held Hostage or Released with Little Fanfare." San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved/archived from SFGate.com, 1 September 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Elley, Derek (3 January 2003). "Hero". Variety. finale can be read either as a triumph of unity over chaos or as a victory by militarism over pacifism.
  11. ^ Yao, Yusheng (1 January 2002). "The Making of a National Hero: Tao Xingzhi's Legacies in the People s Republic of China". Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies. 24 (3): 251–281. doi:10.1080/10714410213690. ISSN 1071-4413. S2CID 143137062.
  12. ^ a b Mackey, Robert (15 August 2004). "FILM; Cracking the Color Code of 'Hero'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009.
  13. ^ "Hero soundtrack CD track list at YesAsia.com".
  14. ^ "FilmTracks.com: Hero".
  15. ^ KATIE DEAN (15 December 2003). "Studio Warns Kung Fu Site". Wired.
  16. ^ Holson, Laura M. (10 August 2004). "Disney in Talks On Independence For a Weinstein." The New York Times. Retrieved from NYTimes.com, 26 September 2018.
  17. ^ Smith, Jim (2005). Tarantino. London: Virgin Books. p. 202. ISBN 0-7535-1071-5.
  18. ^ Statistical Yearbook 2014 (PDF) (Report). British Film Institute (BFI). 2014. p. 141. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  19. ^ Anderson, Jason (30 September 2004). "Getting lost in translation". Eye Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 May 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  20. ^ "Cause: The Birth Of Hero" Documentary. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 – via YouTube.
  21. ^ a b Manohla Dargis (27 August 2004). "Hidden Truths in the Court of a King Who Would Be Emperor". The New York Times.
  22. ^ "Beijing Review". Beijing Review. No. 1–17. Beijing Review. 2007. p. 27. Retrieved 10 May 2022. Only one week after the film debuted at the end of 2002, the box office exceeded 100 million yuan and the figure reached 243 million yuan in the next three months
  23. ^ Zhang Rui (19 February 2016). "Top grossing Chinese films all through years". China.org.cn. China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  24. ^ Papish, Jonathan (8 February 2017). "China's All-time Highest Grossing Imports". China Film Insider. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  25. ^ "Genre Keyword: Foreign Language".
  26. ^ "The Passion of the Christ".
  27. ^ "Hero (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Hero (2002)". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  29. ^ "Cinemascore". Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  30. ^ Corliss, Richard (15 August 2004). "Men, Women and Fighting". Time. Archived from the original on 8 March 2005. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  31. ^ Wilmington, Michael. "Hero". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  32. ^ Charles Taylor (27 August 2004). "Hero". Archived from the original on 23 December 2006.
  33. ^ J. Hoberman (17 August 2004). "Man With No Name Tells a Story of Heroics, Color Coordination". Village Voice. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  34. ^ Stephen Hunter (27 August 2004). "'Hero': An Ending That Falls on Its Own Sword (washingtonpost.com)". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012.
  35. ^ Tobias, Scott (17 August 2004). "Hero". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. its state-approved story of unification feels like a sellout, no matter how ravishing it is.
  36. ^ Evan Osnos (4 May 2009). "The Long Shot". The New Yorker.
  37. ^ Larson, Wendy (2017). Zhang Yimou: Globalization and the Subject of Culture. Amherst, New York: Cambria Press. pp. 271–304. ISBN 9781604979756.
  38. ^ MacNab, Geoffrey (17 December 2004). "I'm not interested in politics". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  39. ^ "The 100 best action movies". Time Out. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  40. ^ "The 100 best action movies: 80-71". Time Out. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  41. ^ "Golden Globe nominees, winners". CNN. 19 January 2003. Archived from the original on 31 January 2003.
  42. ^ King, Loren (22 August 2004). "'Hero' shows Zhang Yimou at his best". Chicago Tribune.
  43. ^ "2003 Taurus World Stunt Awards: Nominees & Winners" (PDF). Taurus World Stunt Awards. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011.
  44. ^ 第26届《大众电影》百花奖颁奖 [26th Hundred Flowers Awards ceremony] (in Simplified Chinese). xinhuanewsnet.com. 3 November 2003. Archived from the original on 7 November 2003.
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