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Hickory

For other uses, see Hickory (disambiguation).
"Carya" redirects here. For the archaic nut-tree goddess, see Caryatis. For the walnut tree nymph in Greek mythology, see Hamadryad. For the other mythical figure of that name, see Carya (daughter of Dion). For the town of ancient Arcadia, Greece, see Carya (Arcadia).

Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes 19 species accepted by Plants of the World Online.[3]

Hickory
Temporal range: 85.8–0 Ma Late Cretaceous - present [1]
Hickory at Morton Arboretum
Accession 29-U-10
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Juglandaceae
Subfamily: Juglandoideae
Tribe: Juglandeae
Subtribe: Caryinae
Genus: Carya
Nutt.
Type species
Carya tomentosa
(Poir.) Nutt.[2]

Seven species are native to southeast Asia in China, Indochina, and northeastern India (Assam), and twelve are native to North America. A number of hickory species are used for their edible nuts or for their wood.

Etymology

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The name "hickory" derives from a Native American word in an Algonquian language (perhaps Powhatan). It is a shortening of pockerchicory, pocohicora, or a similar word, which may be the name for the hickory tree's nut, or may be a milky drink made from such nuts.[4] The genus name Carya is Ancient Greek: κάρυον, káryon, meaning "nut".

Description

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Hickories are temperate to subtropical forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Most are deciduous, but one species (C. sinensis, syn. Annamocarya sinensis) in southeast Asia is evergreen.[5]

Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, but thin in a few, notably the pecan (C. illinoinensis); it is divided into two halves, which split apart when the seed germinates.

Some fruit are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory (Carya) nuts and walnut (Juglans) nuts, both in the family Juglandaceae, grow within an outer husk; these fruit are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.[6][7] The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group however consider the fruit to be a nut.[8]

Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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The oldest fossils attributed to Carya are Cretaceous pollen grains from Mexico and New Mexico. Fossil and molecular data suggest the genus Carya may have diversified during the Miocene.[9] Modern Carya first appear in Oligocene strata 34 million years ago. Recent discoveries of Carya fruit fossils further support the hypothesis that the genus has long been a member of Eastern North American landscapes, however its range has contracted and Carya is no longer extant west of the Rocky Mountains.[10][11]

Fossils of early hickory nuts show simpler, thinner shells than modern species with the exception of pecans, suggesting that the trees gradually developed defenses to rodent seed predation.[citation needed] During this time, the genus had a distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, but the Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago obliterated it from Europe.[12] In Anatolia, the genus appears to have disappeared only in the early Holocene, probably related to human disturbance.[13] The distribution of Carya in North America also contracted and it completely disappeared from the continent west of the Rocky Mountains. It is likely that the genus originated in North America, and later spread to Europe and Asia.[9]

Subdivision

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The genus Carya (not to be confused with Careya in the Lecythidaceae) is in the walnut family, Juglandaceae. In the APG system, this family is included in the order Fagales. Several species are known to hybridize, with around nine accepted, named hybrids.[3][14]

Asian hickories

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Carya sect. Sinocarya

 
Roasted Carya cathayensis (Chinese hickory)

C. sinensis has sometimes been split out in a separate genus as Annamocarya sinensis,[5] but not by Plants of the World Online,[3] as genetic data support it being embedded within the other Asian Carya.[9]

North American hickories

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Carya sect. Carya – typical hickories

 
Nuts of Carya texana (black hickory)
  • Carya floridana Sarg. – scrub hickory
  • Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet – pignut hickory, pignut, sweet pignut, coast pignut hickory, smoothbark hickory, swamp hickory, broom hickory
  • Carya laciniosa (Mill.) K.Koch – shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut, big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, western shellbark
  • Carya myristiciformis (F.Michx.) Nutt. – nutmeg hickory, swamp hickory, bitter water hickory
  • Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg. – red hickory, spicebark hickory, sweet pignut hickory (treated as a variety of C. glabra by Flora N. Amer. and Plants of the World Online[3])
  • Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch – shagbark hickory
    • C. o. var. ovata – northern shagbark hickory
    • C. o. var. australis – southern shagbark hickory, Carolina hickory (syn. C. carolinae-septentrionalis)
  • Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. – sand hickory
  • Carya texana Buckley – black hickory
  • Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. – mockernut hickory (syn. C. alba)
  • †Carya washingtonensis Manchester – Miocene of Kittitas County, Washington

Carya sect. Apocarya – pecans

 
Foliage of Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory)

Distribution and habitat

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Seven species are native to southeast Asia in China, Indochina, and northeastern India (Assam), and twelve are native to North America, of which eleven occur in the United States, four in Mexico (of which one, C. palmeri, endemic there), and five extending into southern Canada.[3][16][17]

Ecology

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Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include:

The hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera (Phylloxera caryaecaulis) also uses the hickory tree as a food source. Phylloxeridae are related to aphids and have a similarly complex life cycle. Eggs hatch in early spring and the galls quickly form around the developing insects. Phylloxera galls may damage weakened or stressed hickories, but are generally harmless. Deformed leaves and twigs can rain down from the tree in the spring as squirrels break off infected tissue and eat the galls, possibly for the protein content or because the galls are fleshy and tasty to the squirrels. The pecan gall curculio (Conotrachelus elegans) is a true weevil species also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera.

The banded hickory borer (Knulliana cincta) is also found on hickories.

Hickory nuts (Carya spp.), dried
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy2,749 kJ (657 kcal)
18.25 g
Dietary fiber6.4 g
64.37 g
Saturated7.038 g
Monounsaturated32.611 g
Polyunsaturated21.886 g
12.72 g
Tryptophan0.139 g
Threonine0.422 g
Isoleucine0.576 g
Leucine1.027 g
Lysine0.497 g
Methionine0.300 g
Cystine0.271 g
Phenylalanine0.713 g
Tyrosine0.454 g
Valine0.730 g
Arginine2.086 g
Histidine0.389 g
Alanine0.662 g
Aspartic acid1.368 g
Glutamic acid2.885 g
Glycine0.708 g
Proline0.571 g
Serine0.806 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A131 IU
Thiamine (B1)
72%
0.867 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
10%
0.131 mg
Niacin (B3)
6%
0.907 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
35%
1.746 mg
Vitamin B6
11%
0.192 mg
Folate (B9)
10%
40 μg
Vitamin C
2%
2.0 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
5%
61 mg
Copper
82%
0.738 mg
Iron
12%
2.12 mg
Magnesium
41%
173 mg
Manganese
200%
4.610 mg
Phosphorus
27%
336 mg
Potassium
15%
436 mg
Selenium
15%
8.1 μg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
39%
4.31 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water2.65 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[18] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[19]

Uses

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Nutrition

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Dried hickory nuts are 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats. In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, dried hickory nuts supply 657 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins and dietary minerals, especially manganese at 220% DV.

Culinary

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An extract from shagbark hickory bark is used in an edible syrup similar to maple syrup, with a slightly bitter, smoky taste. The Cherokee people would produce a green dye from hickory bark, which they used to dye cloth.[20][21] When this bark was mixed with maple bark, it produced a yellow dye pigment. The ashes of burnt hickory wood were traditionally used to produce a strong lye (potash) fit for soapmaking.[22]

The nuts of some species are palatable, while others are bitter and only suitable for animal feed. Hickory nuts were a significant food source for indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands of North America since the middle Archaic period. They were used by the Cherokee in Kanuchi soup, but more often edible oil would be extracted through crushing the nuts and then either straining or boiling the remains.[23] Shagbark and shellbark hickory, along with pecan, are regarded by some as the finest nut trees. Pecans are the most important nut tree native to North America.[16]

When cultivated for their nuts, clonal (grafted) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollinate each other because of their self-incompatibility. Two or more cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination. Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation.

Wood

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Finished hickory in a cabinet

Hickory wood is hard, stiff, dense and shock resistant. There are woods stronger than hickory and woods that are harder, but the combination of strength, toughness, hardness, and stiffness found in hickory wood is not found in any other commercial wood.[24] Hickory is therefore used in a number of items requiring these properties, such as tool handles, bows, wheel spokes, walking sticks, drumsticks and wood flooring. Baseball bats were formerly made of hickory, but are now more commonly made of ash; however, it is replacing ash as the wood of choice for Scottish shinty sticks. Hickory was also extensively used for the construction of early aircraft.

Due to its grain structure, hickory is more susceptible to moisture absorption than other species of wood, and is therefore more prone to shrinkage, warping or swelling with changes in humidity.[25]

Hickory is also highly prized for wood-burning stoves and chimineas, as its density and high energy content make it an efficient fuel.[26] Hickory wood is also a preferred type for smoking cured meats. In the Southern United States, hickory is popular for cooking barbecue, as hickory grows abundantly in the region and adds flavor to the meat.

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  •  
    Comparison of North American Carya nuts
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    Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall
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    Autumn foliage

See also

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References

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  1. ^ ""Carya"". Fossilworks. Archived from the original on 2023-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  2. ^ "Carya Nutt". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Carya Nutt". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  4. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, entry "hickory".
  5. ^ a b "Annamocarya sinensis in Flora of China @ efloras.org". eFloras.org Home. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
  6. ^ Armstrong, W.P. "Identification of Major Fruit Types". www2.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  7. ^ Armstrong, W.P. (15 March 2009). "Nut Photos". www2.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  8. ^ "Fagales". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  9. ^ a b c Zhang, Jing-Bo; Rui-Qi Li; Xiao-Guo Xiang; Steven R. Manchester; Li Lin; Wei Wang; Jun Wen; Zhi-Duan Chen (2013). "Integrated Fossil and Molecular Data Reveal the Biogeographic Diversification of the Eastern Asian-Eastern North American Disjunct Hickory Genus (Carya Nutt.)". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e70449. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870449Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070449. PMC 3713062. PMID 23875028.
  10. ^ Huang, Y.J.; Yusheng Liu; M.S. Zavada (2014). "New fossil fruits of Carya (Juglandaceae) from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene in Tennessee, eastern United States". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 52 (4): 508–520. doi:10.1111/jse.12085. S2CID 83492234.
  11. ^ McNair, D.M.; D.Z. Stults; B. Axsmith; M.H. Alford; J.E. Starnes (2019). "Preliminary investigation of a diverse megafossil floral assemblage from the middle Miocene of southern Mississippi, USA" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 22 (2). doi:10.26879/906.
  12. ^ Orain, R.; Lebreton, V.; Ermolli, E. Russo; Combourieu-Nebout, N.; Sémah, A. -M. (2013-01-01). "Carya as marker for tree refuges in southern Italy (Boiano basin) at the Middle Pleistocene". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 369: 295–302. Bibcode:2013PPP...369..295O. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.037. ISSN 0031-0182.
  13. ^ Biltekin, Demet; Popescu, Speranta-Maria; Suc, Jean-Pierre; Quézel, Pierre; Jiménez-Moreno, Gonzalo; Yavuz, Nurdan; Çağatay, M. Namık (2015-04-01). "Anatolia: A long-time plant refuge area documented by pollen records over the last 23million years". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 215: 1–22. Bibcode:2015RPaPa.215....1B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.12.004. ISSN 0034-6667.
  14. ^ USDA Plants Database Profile for Carya (hickory)
  15. ^ "Subordinate Taxa of Carya Nutt". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  16. ^ a b Flora of North America: Carya
  17. ^ Flora of China: Carya
  18. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  19. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  20. ^ Knight, Oliver (1956–57), "History of the Cherokees, 1830–1846", Chronicles of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, p. 164, OCLC 647927893
  21. ^ Foreman, Grant (1934). The Five Civilized Tribes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0-8061-0923-7.
  22. ^ Mitchell, John (1748). "An Account of the Preparation and Uses of the Various Kinds of Pot-Ash". Philosophical Transactions. 45: 543. JSTOR 104578.
  23. ^ Scarry, C. Margaret (2003). "Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands". In Minnis, Paul E. (ed.). People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 61. ISBN 1-58834-113-X. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  24. ^ Important Trees of Eastern Forests, USDA, 1974
  25. ^ "Shrinking, Warping and Perfect Boards". LignomatUSA. Lignomat. May 2013.
  26. ^ Grauke, L. J. "Hickories- Economic Botany". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  • Philips, Roger. Trees of North America and Europe. Random House, Inc., New York. ISBN 0-394-50259-0, 1979.
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