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History of pizza

The history of pizza began in antiquity, as various ancient cultures produced flatbreads with several toppings. Pizza today is an Italian dish with a flat dough-based base and toppings, with significant Italian roots in History.

A precursor of pizza was probably the focaccia, a flatbread known to the Romans as panis focacius, to which toppings were then added.[1] Modern pizza evolved from similar flatbread dishes in Naples, Italy, between the 16th and mid-18th century.[2][3]

The word pizza was first documented in 997 AD in Gaeta[4] and successively in different parts of central and southern Italy. Furthermore, the Etymological Dictionary of the Italian Language explains the word pizza as coming from dialectal pinza, 'clamp', as in modern Italian pinze, 'pliers, pincers, tongs, forceps'. Their origin is from Latin pinsere, 'to pound, stamp'.[5]

Origins

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A fresco depicting an "adorea" style flat bread with various ingredients, from Pompeii
 
An illustration of a Roman bread shop. In the top right corner, a smaller flatbread can be seen with a crust-like border. Such breads would have served as mensa ('table') breads for additional toppings.[6]

Foods similar to pizza have been prepared since ancient times. References to pizza-like dishes appear throughout early history.

  • In the 6th century BC, Persian soldiers serving under Darius the Great baked flatbreads with cheese and dates on top of their battle shields.[7][8]
  • In ancient Greece, citizens made a flatbread called plakous (πλακοῦς, gen. πλακοῦντος – plakountos)[9] which was flavored with toppings such as herbs, onion, cheese and garlic.[10] Another term for this type of flatbread was placentae (a term for pastries of flour, cheese, oil, and honey).[11] They are mentioned by Athenaeus of Naucratis, a 2nd-century grammarian, who writes that they were topped with fruit puree called coulis and used as sacrificial offerings.[11]
  • An early reference to a pizza-like food occurs in the Aeneid (c. 19 BC), when Celaeno, the Harpy queen, foretells that the Trojans would not find peace until they were forced by hunger to eat their tables (Book III). In Book VII, Aeneas and his men are served a meal that includes round cakes (like pita bread) topped with cooked vegetables. When they eat the bread, they realize that these are the "tables" prophesied by Celaeno.[12]
  • One example of a Roman bread that was covered with numerous toppings (such as cheese spreads called moretum, and fruits) was called adorea or libum adoreum. These flat breads were made with wheat, honey, and oil. A painting of this ancient Roman food was found at Pompeii.[11]
 
Modern reconstruction of Roman bread, and moretum (herb cheese spread)

Examples of other flatbreads that survive to this day from the ancient Mediterranean world include focaccia (which may date back as far as the ancient Etruscans); manakish in the Levant, coca (which has sweet and savory varieties) from Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands; the Greek pita; lepinja in the Balkans; and piadina in the Romagna part of the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.[13]

 
Illustration from a manuscript of the Decameron depicting galettes, c. 1425 and 1450

By the late Medieval and early modern eras, flatbreads, cakes or pastries eaten with toppings, such as galettes and cocas, were common throughout the Mediterranean region. In 16th century Naples, some galettes were referred to as pizza; it was known as a dish for poor people, particularly as street food, and was not considered a kitchen recipe until much later.[3] It was not until the Spanish brought the tomato from the Americas and developed the modern tomato that "pizzas" in their modern conception were invented.[14] It is said that the tomato reached the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, when it was part of the Spanish Empire, through either Pedro Álvarez de Toledo in the 16th century or viceroy Manuel de Amat, who may have gifted some seeds to the Neapolitans in 1770 on behalf of the Viceroyalty of Peru.[15] At some point the tomato began to be consumed with flatbreads, although it was not then known as a singular named dish.

Similar foods

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Furthermore, throughout Europe, there are many similar foods based on the idea of covering flat bread or pastry with different toppings, such as the Alsatian flammkuchen, German zwiebelkuchen, French quiche, and the Sardinian pane carasau.

Other similar foods in other parts of the world include Chinese bing (a wheat flour-based Chinese food with a flattened or disk-like shape); the Indian paratha (in which fat is incorporated); the Central and South Asian naan (leavened) and roti (unleavened); and Finnish rieska.

Modern era

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1858 illustration of a pizzaiolo selling his wares
 
An illustration from 1830 of a pizzaiolo in Naples

In 1843, Alexandre Dumas described the diversity of pizza toppings.[16]

An often recounted story holds that on June 11, 1889, to honour the queen consort of Italy, Margherita of Savoy, the Neapolitan pizza maker Raffaele Esposito created the "pizza Margherita", a pizza garnished with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil, to represent the national colors of Italy as on the flag of Italy.[17][18][19] But the pizza Margherita already existed: "The most popular and famous pizzas from Naples were the 'Marinara', created in 1734, and the 'Margherita', which dates from 1796–1810. The latter was presented to the Queen of Italy upon her visit to Naples in 1889, specifically on account of the colour of its seasoning (tomato, mozzarella and basil), which are reminiscent of the colours of the Italian flag."[20] Later research casts further doubt on this legend, also undermining the authenticity of the letter of recognition, pointing that no media of the period reported about the supposed visit and that the story was first promoted in the 1930s–1940s.[21][22]

In 1830, a certain "Riccio", had described a pizza with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil in the book Napoli, contorni e dintorni.[23]

Emmanuele Rocco described in 1849 the main types of pizza, today called marinara, Margherita, and calzone in Francesco De Bourcard's second volume of Usi e costumi di Napoli e contorni descritti e dipinti:[24]

The most ordinary pizza, called coll'aglio e l'olio (lit. 'with garlic and oil'), is dressed with oil, and over it is spread, as well as salt, origanum and garlic cloves shredded minutely (optionally). Others can be covered in grated cheese and dressed with lard, and then they put on a few leaves of basil. Over the former is often added (depending on the region) some small seafish; on the latter some thin slices of mozzarella. Sometimes they use slices of prosciutto, tomato, arselle, etc. Sometimes folding the dough over itself to form what is called calzone.[24]

— Francesco de Bourcard, Usi e costumi di Napoli e contorni descritti e dipinti, Vol II, p. 124

Slowly the flatbread with toppings started to be appreciated by all social classes, although initially it was produced by bakeries and meant to be eaten while walking. In the first decades of the 19th century this changed with the opening of the first pizzerias with tables in Naples. The first was Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba in 1830, followed by the opening of Le stanze di Piazza Carità (today Mattozzi) by Antonio la Vecchia in Largo della Carità in 1833.[25] The scholar and minister of public instruction Francesco de Sanctis describes the latter in his memoirs as the place he used to go eat pizza with his friends when he was 16:

In the evening we sometimes went to eat pizza in the stanze at largo della Carità.

— Francesco De Sanctis, La giovinezza di Francesco de Sanctis: frammento autobiografico, p. 39

Pizza evolved into a variety of bread and tomato dish often served with cheese. Until the late 19th or early 20th century, the dish was often sweet, not exclusively savory, and earlier versions that were savory resembled the flatbreads now known as schiacciata.[26] Pellegrino Artusi's classic early-20th-century cookbook, La Scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene gives three recipes for pizza, all of which are sweet.[27] After the feedback of some readers, Artusi added a typed sheet in the 1911 edition (discovered by food historian Alberto Capatti), bound with the volume, with the recipe of pizza alla napoletana: mozzarella, tomatoes, anchovies, and mushrooms.[28] By 1927, Ada Boni's first edition of il talismano della felicità (a well-known Italian cookbook) includes a recipe using tomatoes and mozzarella.[29]

Innovation

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The innovation that led to flatbread pizza was the use of tomato as a topping. For some time after the tomato was taken to Europe from the Americas in the 16th century, it was believed by many Europeans to be poisonous, as are some other fruits of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. By the late 18th century, it was common for the poor of the area around Naples to add tomato to their yeast-based flatbread, thus the pizza began.[30]

 
Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba in Naples, which is the world's first pizzeria

According to documents discovered by historian Antonio Mattozzi in the State Archive of Naples, in 1807, 54 pizzerias existed; listed were owners and addresses.[31] In the second half of the 19th century the number of pizzerias increased to 120.[32]

In Naples, two other figures connected to the trade existed—the pizza hawker (pizzaiuolo ambulante), who sold pizza but did not make it, and the seller of pizza a ogge a otto, who made pizzas and sold them in return for a payment for seven days.[33]

The pizza marinara method has a topping of tomato, oregano, garlic, and extra virgin olive oil. It is named marinara because it was traditionally prepared by the seaman's wife la marinara for her seafaring husband upon returning from fishing trips in the Bay of Naples.

 
A pizza Margherita

Pizza Margherita is topped with modest amounts of tomato sauce, mozzarella, and fresh basil. It is widely attributed to baker Raffaele Esposito, who worked at the restaurant "Pietro... e basta così" ('Pietro... and that's enough'), established in 1880 and remaining in business as Pizzeria Brandi. Although recent research casts doubt on this legend,[21][22] the tale holds that, in 1889, he baked three different pizzas for the visit of King Umberto I and Queen Margherita of Savoy. The Queen's favorite was a pizza evoking the colors of the Italian flag—green (basil leaves), white (mozzarella), and red (tomatoes).[34] According to the tale, this combination was named pizza Margherita in her honor. Although those were the most preferred, there are many variations of pizzas today.

Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana[35] ('True Neapolitan Pizza Association'), which was founded in 1984, has set the very specific rules that must be followed for an authentic Neapolitan pizza. These include that the pizza must be baked in a wood-fired, domed oven; the base must be hand-kneaded and must not be rolled with a pin or prepared by any mechanical means (i pizzaioli—'the pizza makers'—make the pizza by rolling it with their fingers) and that the pizza must not exceed 35 centimetres in diameter or be more than one-third of a centimetre thick at the centre. The association also selects pizzerias globally to produce and spread the verace pizza napoletana philosophy and method.

There are many famous pizzerias in Naples where these traditional pizzas can be found, such as Da Michele, Port'Alba, Brandi, Di Matteo, Sorbillo, Trianon, and Umberto. Most of them are in the ancient historical center of Naples. These pizzerias follow even stricter standards than the specified rules. For example, using only San Marzano tomatoes grown on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius and drizzling the olive oil and adding tomato topping in only a clockwise direction.

The pizza bases in Naples are soft and pliable. In Rome, they prefer a thin and crispy base. Another popular form of pizza in Italy is pizza al taglio, which is pizza baked in rectangular trays with a wide variety of toppings and sold by weight.

In 1962, the Hawaiian pizza, a pizza topped with pineapple and ham, was invented in Canada by restaurateur Sam Panopoulos at the Satellite Restaurant in Chatham, Ontario.[36]

In December 2009, the pizza napoletana was granted Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status by the European Union.[37]

In 2012, the world's largest pizza was made in Los Angeles. It measured 1261.65 square meters in area.[38]

In 2016, robotics company BeeHex, widely covered in the media, was building robots that 3D-printed pizza.[39]

In December 2017, the pizza napoletana was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[40]

Pizza outside Italy

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Pizza in the United States

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Main article: Pizza in the United States
 
Pizza with roast chicken

Pizza first made its appearance in the United States with the arrival of Italian immigrants in the late 19th century.[41]

According to a 2009 response published in a column on Serious Eats, the first printed reference to "pizza" served in the US is a 1904 article in The Boston Journal.[42] Giovanni and Gennaro Bruno came to America from Naples, Italy, in 1903 and introduced the Neapolitan pizza to Boston. Later, Vincent Bruno (Giovanni's son) went on to open the first pizzeria in Chicago.[43]

Conflicting stories have the first pizzeria opening in 1905 when Gennaro Lombardi applied for a license in New York to make and sell pizza. One of the generally accepted first US businesses to sell pizza, Lombardi's, opened in 1897 as a grocery store at 53½ Spring Street, with tomato pies wrapped in paper and tied with a string sold at lunchtime to workers from the area's factories. In 1905, putative founder Gennaro Lombardi received a business license to operate a pizzeria restaurant and soon had a clientele that included Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. He later passed the business on to his son, George.[44] Lombardi's served as a incubator for many other pizzerias in New York, including Totonno's in Coney Island, which was started by the original baker at Lombardi's, Anthony "Totonno" Pero in 1924.[45]

Pizza was brought to the Trenton area of New Jersey with Joe's Tomato Pies opening in 1910, followed soon by Papa's Tomato Pies in 1912. In 1936, De Lorenzo's Tomato Pies was opened. While Joe's Tomato Pies has closed, both Papa's and Delorenzo's have been run by the same families since their openings and remain among the most popular pizzas in the area. Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana in New Haven, Connecticut, was another early pizzeria that opened in 1925 (after the owner served pies from local carts and bakeries for 20–25 years) and is famous for its New Haven–style Clam Pie. Frank Pepe's nephew Sal Consiglio opened a competing store, Sally's Apizza, on the other end of the block, in 1938. Both establishments are still run by descendants of the original family. When Sal died, over 2,000 people attended his wake, and The New York Times ran a half-page memoriam. The D'Amore family introduced pizza to Los Angeles in 1939. In Chicago, two entrepreneurs, Ike Sewell and Ric Riccardo, invented Chicago-style deep-dish pizza, in 1943. They opened their own restaurant on the corner of Wabash and Ohio, Pizzeria Uno.[46]

Before the 1940s, in the US, pizza consumption was limited mostly to Italian Americans. Following World War II, veterans returning from the Italian Campaign, who were introduced to Italy's native cuisine, proved a ready market for pizza in particular,[47] touted by "veterans ranging from the lowliest private to Dwight D. Eisenhower".[48] By the 1950s, it was popular enough to be featured in an episode of I Love Lucy.[49] Once it had become fully naturalized in the U.S., its market expanded in two different directions: through neighborhood pizzerias and through pizza chains.

By the 1970s, neighborhood pizzerias, often run by Italian or (later) Greek immigrants, became a defining feature of life in cities and suburbs with significant ethnic-Italian populations, most notably around New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Chicago. Such pizza restaurants usually also sell subs; since the 1990s, gyros have also joined their standard repertoire. Competition among these small restaurants is quiet but intense, leading to an average level of quality that often surprises visitors from elsewhere in the U.S. and is a point of some regional pride.

Leading early pizza chains were Shakey's Pizza, founded in 1954 in Sacramento, California; Pizza Hut, founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas; and Little Caesars, founded in 1959 in Garden City, Michigan.[citation needed] Later restaurant chains in the dine-in pizza market were Bertucci's, Happy Joe's, Monical's Pizza, California Pizza Kitchen, Godfather's Pizza, and Round Table Pizza,[50] as well as Domino's, Pizza Hut, Little Caesars, and Papa John's. Pizzas from take and bake pizzerias, and chilled or frozen pizzas from supermarkets make pizza readily available nationwide. 13% of the US population consumes pizza on any given day.[51]

Pizza in Canada

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Main article: Pizza in Canada
 
Pizza-ghetti, a popular combination meal in Quebec

Canada's first pizzeria opened in 1948, Pizzeria Napoletana in Montreal.[52] The first pizza ovens started entering the country in the late 1950s;[53] it gained popularity throughout the 1960s, with many pizzerias and restaurants opening across the country. Pizza was mostly served in restaurants and small pizzerias. Most pizza restaurants across Canada also serve popular Italian cuisine in addition to pizza, such as pasta, salad, soups and sandwiches. Fast-food pizza chains also provide other side options for customers to choose from, in addition to ordering pizza, including chicken wings, fries and poutine, salad, and calzones. Pizza Pops are a Canadian calzone-type snack introduced in the 1960s. Pizza chains across Canada can be found in shopping centres, schools, and neighbourhood plazas, with the majority of these chains offering a sit-and-dine facility for customers.

The most distinct pizza in Canada is the "Canadian" pizza. A "Canadian" pizza is usually prepared with tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese, pepperoni, mushrooms, and bacon. Many variations of this pizza exist, but the two standout ingredients that make this pizza distinctly Canadian are bacon and mushrooms. Pizzas in Canada are almost never served with "Canadian bacon", or "back bacon", as it is referred to in Canada. Rather, side bacon is the standard pork topping on pizza.

In the province of Quebec Pizza-ghetti is a combination meal commonly found in fast food or family restaurants. It consists of a pizza, sliced in half, accompanied by a small portion of spaghetti with a tomato-based sauce. Although both pizza and spaghetti are considered staples of Italian cuisine, combining them in one dish is completely unknown in Italy. A popular variant involves using spaghetti as a pizza topping under the pizza's mozzarella cheese.

Some of Canada's successful pizza brands include Boston Pizza and Pizza Pizza. Boston Pizza, also known as BP's in Canada, and "Boston's – the Gourmet Pizza" in the United States and Mexico, is one of Canada's largest franchising restaurants.[54] The brand has opened over 325 locations across Canada and 50 locations in Mexico and the US.[54] The first Boston Pizza location was opened in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1964, and operated under the name "Boston Pizza & Spaghetti House", with locations still opening across the nation.

Pizza Pizza, and its subsidiary chain Pizza 73 in Western Canada, are among Canada's largest domestic brands based in Ontario.[55] To date, they have over 500 locations nationwide and fill more than 29 million orders annually.[56]

With pizza gaining popularity across the nation, major American pizza chains such as Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza and Little Caesars have expanded their locations in Canada, competing against the domestic Canadian brands. The major American pizza chains have brought their signature classic pizza recipes and toppings into their Canadian chains, offering their traditional classic pizzas to Canadian customers. However, the American chains have also created Canadian specialty pizzas that are available only in Canada.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Anderson, Burtan (1994). Treasures of the Italian Table. William Morrow and Company. p. 318. ISBN 978-0688115579.
  2. ^ Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. London: Reaktion. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-86189-391-8.
  3. ^ a b "History of Pizza Margherita". tobetravelagent.com. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
  4. ^ Salvatore Riciniello (1987) Codice Diplomatico Gaetano, Vol. I, La Poligrafica.
  5. ^ "pizza" (Archived February 21, 2022, at the Wayback Machine), Online Etymology Dictionary.
  6. ^ Monaco, Farrell (2023). "Adoreum: the newly discovered flatbread fresco of Pompeii". www.bbc.com. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  7. ^ "Pizza, A Slice of American History", Liz Barrett (2014), p. 13.
  8. ^ "The Science of Bakery Products", W. P. Edwards (2007), p. 199.
  9. ^ Plakous, Liddell and Scott, "A Greek–English Lexicon", at Perseus.
  10. ^ Crompton, Dan (2016). A Classical Primer: Ancient Knowledge for Modern Minds. Michael O'Mara. ISBN 978-1782435112.
  11. ^ a b c Monaco, Farrell (2023). "Adoreum: the newly discovered flatbread fresco of Pompeii". www.bbc.com. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  12. ^ "Aeneas and Trojans fulfill Anchises' prophecy". Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
  13. ^ "Food and Drink – Pide – HiTiT Turkey guide". Hitit.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  14. ^ Gentilcore 2010, pp. 3, 58, 62.
  15. ^ Gentilcore 2010, pp. 19.
  16. ^ Dumas, Alexandre (1843). Le Corricolo (in French) (Oeuvres Complètes (1851) ed.). p. 91. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  17. ^ Danford, Natalie (October 1994). "Beyond Pizza". Vegetarian Times (109). Active Interest Media. ISSN 0164-8497.
  18. ^ "Rallying to protect 'real' pizza". Philadelphia Inquirer. April 5, 1989.
  19. ^ "Pizza purists out to protect patriotic pie". Lakeland Ledger. Associated Press. March 2, 1989.
  20. ^ "L_2010034EN.01000701.XML".
  21. ^ a b "Was margherita pizza really named after Italy's queen?". BBC Food. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
  22. ^ a b Nowak, Zachary (March 2014). "Folklore, Fakelore, History: Invented Tradition and the Origins of the Pizza Margherita". Food, Culture & Society. 17 (1): 103–124. doi:10.2752/175174414X13828682779249. ISSN 1552-8014. S2CID 142371201.
  23. ^ "Università degli Studi di Udine, Facoltà di Agraria: "La Pizza"" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  24. ^ a b De Bourcard, Francesco (1866). Usi e costumi di Napoli e contorni descritti e dipinti [Uses and customs of Naples and outlines described and painted.]. Vol. 2. G. Nobile. p. 124.
  25. ^ Forgione, Angelo (July 12, 2022). "La più antica immagine di una pizzeria della storia" (in Italian).
  26. ^ Alexandra Grigorieva, "Naming Authenticity and Regional Italian Cuisine [1]", in Richard Hosking, ed., Authenticity in the Kitchen: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2005 (Prospect Books, 2006): 211–216.
  27. ^ Pellegrino Artusi, La scienza in cucina e l'Arte di mangiar bene (1911; rpr. Torino: Einaudi, 2001).
  28. ^ Mattozzi, Antonio e Donatella (2016), "Pizze, pizzerie e pizzaiuoli a Napoli tra Sette e Ottocento", p. 35, in Pizza. Una grande tradizione italiana. Bra: Slow Food Publisher.
  29. ^ Grigorieva. Naming Authenticity. pp. 211–212.
  30. ^ Turim, Gayle. "Who Invented Pizza?". History. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  31. ^ Mattozzi, Antonio (2015), Inventing the Pizzeria: a History of Pizza Making in Naples, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 16–17.
  32. ^ Mattozzi, Antonio, Inventing the Pizzeria, Distribution Maps, p. xxxiv.
  33. ^ Mattozzi, Antonio Inventing the Pizzeria, p. 28.
  34. ^ "American Pie". American Heritage. April–May 2006. Archived from the original on July 12, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009. Cheese, the crowning ingredient, was not added until 1889, when the Royal Palace commissioned the Neapolitan pizzaiolo, Raffaele Esposito, to create a pizza in honor of the visiting Queen Margherita. Of the three contenders he created, the Queen strongly preferred a pie swathed in the colors of the Italian flag – red (tomato), green (basil), and white (mozzarella).
  35. ^ "Avpn – Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana". Pizzanapoletana.org. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  36. ^ Nosowitz, Dan (November 4, 2015). "Meet the 81-Year-Old Greek-Canadian Inventor of the Hawaiian Pizza". Atlas Obscura. Unknown. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  37. ^ Hooper, John (December 9, 2009). "Pizza napoletana awarded special status by EU". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
  38. ^ "Largest pizza". Guinness World Records. Retrieved January 13, 2017. From the given area, the circular pizza had a diameter of approximately 40.08 m, or 131.5 ft.
  39. ^ "NASA wants astronauts to have 3D printed pizza, and this startup is building a printer to make it happen". Digital Trends. June 13, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  40. ^ "Naples' pizza twirling wins Unesco 'intangible' status". The Guardian. London. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  41. ^ Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History. Reaktion Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-86189-630-8.
  42. ^ Kuban, Adam (January 5, 2009). "Dear Slice: Boston May Have Had the First Pizza in America". Dear Slice (blog). Serious Eats. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  43. ^ Bernier, Brian (October 29, 2014). "Readers weigh in on top Sheboygan, Manitowoc pizzerias". The Sheboygan Press.
  44. ^ Nevius, Michelle; Nevius, James (2009). Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City. New York: Free Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-1416589976.
  45. ^ Staff, VICE (February 19, 2017). "The Untold Story of How My Grandfather Brought Pizza to America". Vice. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  46. ^ Higgins, Dennis. (2014). Tomorrow's borrowed trouble. Whiskey Creek Press. ISBN 9781633556850. OCLC 953831802.
  47. ^ Turim, Gayle. "A Slice of History: Pizza Through the Ages". History. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
  48. ^ Miller, Hanna (2006). "American Pie". American Heritage Foundation. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  49. ^ "I Love Lucy, Visitor from Italy".
  50. ^ "CBC Archives: New 50s Food – Pizza! 1957". YouTube. September 17, 2008. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  51. ^ Rhodes, Donna G.; Adler, Meghan E.; Clemens, John C.; LaComb, Randy P.; Moshfegh, Alanna J. (February 2014). Consumption of Pizza (PDF). Dietary Data Brief (Report). Vol. 11. Food Surveys Research Group, USDA. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
  52. ^ "From the archives: Montreal pizzerias, the labour of doughy love". Montreal Gazzette. January 9, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  53. ^ "Bringing the first pizza ovens to Canada in the 1950s". Canada.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  54. ^ a b "Boston Pizza Company History" (PDF). bostonpizza.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  55. ^ "Top 10 Most Popular Pizza Franchises in Canada for 2023 | Topfranchise.com". topfranchise.com. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  56. ^ "Hungry? Want Pizza? There's an app to help you order one". TechVibes. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2014.

Further reading

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  • Barrett, Liz (2014). Pizza: A Slice of American History. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press online.
  • Dickie, John (2010). Delizia: The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food. New York: Free Press.
  • Gentilcore, David (2010). Pomodoro!: A History of the Tomato in Italy. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-02-31152-06-8.
  • Helstosky, Carol (2008). Pizza: A Global History ( London: Berg) online.
  • Marino, Michael P., and Margaret S. Crocco. "Pizza: Teaching US History through food and place". The Social Studies 106.4 (2015): 149–158. doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2015.1020354.
  • Mattozzi, Antonio (2015). Inventing the Pizzeria: A History of Pizza Making in Naples. London: Bloomsbury Academic excerpt.
  • Nowak, Zachary, and Antonio Mattozzi. "Interview with Antonio Mattozzi, Author of Inventing The Pizzeria: A History of Pizza Making in Naples". Gastronomica 15#4 (2015), pp. 1–5. online.
  • Nowak, Zachary. "Folklore, fakelore, history: Invented tradition and the origins of the pizza margherita". Food, Culture & Society 17.1 (2014): 103–124. online.
  • Ovadia, David. "A history of pizza". Bubbles in Food (AACC International Press, 2008). 411–423. online.
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