Ion beam deposition (IBD) is a process of applying materials to a target through the application of an ion beam.[1]
An ion beam deposition apparatus typically consists of an ion source, ion optics, and the deposition target. Optionally a mass analyzer can be incorporated.[2]
In the ion source source materials in the form of a gas, an evaporated solid, or a solution (liquid) are ionized. For atomic IBD, electron ionization, field ionization (Penning ion source) or cathodic arc sources are employed.[citation needed] Cathodic arc sources are used particularly for carbon ion deposition. Molecular ion beam deposition employs electrospray ionization or MALDI sources.[3]
The ions are then accelerated, focused or deflected using high voltages or magnetic fields. Optional deceleration at the substrate can be employed to define the deposition energy. This energy usually ranges from a few eV up to a few keV.[3] At low energy molecular ion beams are deposited intact (ion soft landing), while at a high deposition energy molecular ions fragment and atomic ions can penetrate further into the material, a process known as ion implantation.[4]
Ion optics (such as radio frequency quadrupoles) can be mass selective. In IBD they are used to select a single, or a range of ion species for deposition in order to avoid contamination. For organic materials in particular, this process is often monitored by a mass spectrometer.[5]
The ion beam current, which is quantitative measure for the deposited amount of material, can be monitored during the deposition process. Switching of the selected mass range can be used to define a stoichiometry.[6]
The main disadvantages of ion beam sputtering are its small target area, low deposition rate, and difficulty in depositing large-area films with uniform thickness.[7] Additionally, the equipment is complex and has high operating costs.[8] These limitations make ion beam sputtering less efficient for large-scale applications.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ma, W; Ruys, A J; Zreiqat, H (1 January 2009), Di Silvio, Lucy (ed.), "16 - Diamond-like carbon (DLC) as a biocompatible coating in orthopaedic and cardiac medicine", Cellular Response to Biomaterials, Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 391–426, ISBN 978-1-84569-358-9, retrieved 10 December 2023
- ^ Stout, D. A.; Durmus, N. G.; Webster, T. J. (1 January 2013), Gaharwar, A. K.; Sant, S.; Hancock, M. J.; Hacking, S. A. (eds.), "5 - Synthesis of carbon based nanomaterials for tissue engineering applications", Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering, Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 119–157, ISBN 978-0-85709-596-1, retrieved 10 December 2023
- ^ a b Li, Wuxia; Gu, Changzhi (2013), Nee, Andrew (ed.), "Ion Beam Instruments Used for Nanomanufacturing", Handbook of Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, London: Springer, pp. 1–22, doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4976-7_63-4, ISBN 978-1-4471-4976-7, retrieved 10 December 2023
- ^ Yurish, Sergey Y. (17 October 2018). Advances in Optics Reviews 1. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-244-42328-5.
- ^ Walz, Andreas; Stoiber, Karolina; Huettig, Annette; Schlichting, Hartmut; Barth, Johannes V. (7 June 2022). "Navigate Flying Molecular Elephants Safely to the Ground: Mass-Selective Soft Landing up to the Mega-Dalton Range by Electrospray Controlled Ion-Beam Deposition". Analytical Chemistry. 94 (22): 7767–7778. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04495. ISSN 0003-2700. PMC 9178560. PMID 35609119.
- ^ Fremdling, Paul; Esser, Tim K.; Saha, Bodhisattwa; Makarov, Alexander A.; Fort, Kyle L.; Reinhardt-Szyba, Maria; Gault, Joseph; Rauschenbach, Stephan (27 September 2022). "A Preparative Mass Spectrometer to Deposit Intact Large Native Protein Complexes". ACS Nano. 16 (9): 14443–14455. doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c04831. ISSN 1936-0851. PMC 9527803. PMID 36037396.
- ^ Green, Julissa. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Ion Beam Sputtering". Sputter Targets. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
- ^ B., Rauschenbach (2022). "Ion Beam Deposition and Cleaning. In: Low-Energy Ion Irradiation of Materials". Springer Series in Materials Science. 324. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97277-6_9.
- ^ Wang, Haolin; Zhang, Xingwang (2015). "Synthesis of Large-Sized Single-Crystal Hexagonal Boron Nitride Domains on Nickel Foils by Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition". Materials. 27 (48): 8109–8115. doi:10.1002/adma.201504042.
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