Jean François Fernel (Latinized as Ioannes Fernelius; 1497 – 26 April 1558)[2][3] was a French physician who introduced the term "physiology" to describe the study of the body's function.[4] He was the first person to describe the spinal canal. The lunar crater Fernelius is named after him.
Jean Fernel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 1497 |
| Died | 26 April 1558 |
| Nationality | French |
| Other names | Ioannes Fernelius |
| Academic background | |
| Influences | Galen |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| Institutions | University of Paris |
| Notable students | Andreas Vesalius[1] |
Fernel suggested that taste buds are sensitive to fat, an idea which research in the early 21st century proved to be correct.[5][6]
Life
editHe was born in Montdidier and, after receiving his early education at Clermont,[7] he entered the College of Sainte-Barbe, Paris. At first he devoted himself to mathematical and astronomical studies; but from 1534 he gave himself up entirely to medicine, in which he graduated in 1530. His general erudition, and the skill and success with which he sought to revive the study of the old Greek physicians, gained him a reputation, and ultimately the office of physician to the court.[2] Catherine de' Medici, wife of King Henry II of France, sought his advice regarding their difficulty in conceiving a child. He practiced with success, and at his death at Paris in 1558 left him a large fortune.[8] His remains were entombed at the Church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie.[9]
Work
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Astronomy and geodesy
editFernel's Cosmotheoria (1528) records a determination (arc measurement) of a degree of arc of the meridian, which he made by counting the revolutions of his carriage wheels on a journey between Paris and Amiens.[2] Using his measurements he calculated the circumference of the earth to within one percent of the correct value. He computated a degree of a meridian would have been long 56,746 toises instead of the 57,024 that were subsequently measured.[10] His works on mathematical and astronomical subjects also include Monalosphaerium, sive astrolabii genus, generalis horarii structura et usus (1526), and De proportionibus (1528).
Physiology
editAs a physician and professor of medicine at the Collège de Coenouailles for over 20 years, Fernel is credited with the neologism, physiology, a discipline which became one of the central topics of education and research in the field of medicine.[4] His early understanding of physiology, especially of the brain, was represented by three statements commonly quoted in physiological history:[4]
- "Anatomy is to physiology as geography is to history; it describes the theatre of events."
- The brain was "the seat of the mind and its parts; the mind being endowed with numerous faculties, man has rightly been provided with a larger accommodation for it than the other creature possess, and this accommodation is associated with more instruments."
- "The brain is the citadel and dwelling of the human mind, the abode of thoughts and of the reason, the wellspring and origin of movement and of every sense; it occupies the highest point of the body, looking upwards, nearest to heaven."
His medical works included De naturali parte medicinae (1542), De vacuandi ratione (1545), De abditis rerum causis (1548) which included a chapter on angelology and demonology.[11] What has been called his "crowning work",[12] Universa Medicina, comprises three parts: the Physiologia (developed from the De naturali parte), the Pathologia, and the Therapeutice.
References
edit- ^ Charles Donald O'Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564, University of California Press, 1964, p. 47.
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fernel, Jean François". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 281.
- ^ Charles Sherrington (2014). The Endeavour of Jean Fernel. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9781107453784.
- ^ a b c Shane Tubbs, R (2015). "Anatomy is to physiology as geography is to history; it describes the theatre of events". Clinical Anatomy. 28 (2): 151. doi:10.1002/ca.22526. PMID 25676717. S2CID 19322528.
- ^ Potential Taste Receptor for Fat Identified. Scientific American
- ^ Mattes, Richard D. (2009). "Is There a Fatty Acid Taste?". Annual Review of Nutrition. 29: 305–27. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141108. PMC 2843518. PMID 19400700.
- ^ Granit, Ragnar (2008). "Fernel, Jean François". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 12 April 2019 – via Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ Henry, Noël Étienne; Guibourt, Nicolas Jean Baptiste (1847). Pharmacopée raisonnée, ou traité de pharmacie pratique et théorique (in French) (3rd ed.). J. B. Balliére. pp. iii.
- ^ Lazare, L. C. (1855). Dictionnaire administratif et historique des rues et monuments de Paris (in French). Paris: Bureau de la revue municipale. pp. 447.
- ^ Smith, David Eugene (July 1, 1917). "Medicine and Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century". Ann. Med. Hist. 1 (2): 125–140. OCLC 12650954. PMC 7927718. PMID 33943138. (here cited p. 131).
- ^ Nancy G. Siraisi, The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance medicine Princeton University Press (1997) ISBN 0691011893, p. 160.
- ^ Welch, G. R. (2008). "In Retrospect: Fernel's Physiologia". Nature. 456 (7221): 446. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..446W. doi:10.1038/456446b. S2CID 28626298.
Further reading
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- Granit, Ragnar (1970–1980). "Fernel, Jean François". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 584–6. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
- Hiro Hirai, "Jean Fernel and His Christian Platonic Interpretation of Galen," in: Hiro Hirai, Medical Humanism and Natural Philosophy: Renaissance Debates on Matter, Life and the Soul (Boston-Leiden: Brill, 2011), 46–79.
- Charles Scott Sherrington, The Endeavour of Jean Fernel with a List of the Editions of His Writings. Canberra: U.P., 1946.
External links
edit- Jean Fernel by Victor de Beauvillé (in French)