A joint address is a special procedure of the Canadian Parliament, in which members of the House of Commons and Senate sit jointly in the former chamber, the latter acting, for the occasion, as an auditorium. The speaker of the House of Commons takes his chair, as normal, with the speaker of the Senate seated to their right. Members of Parliament also take their usual seats, with senators and justices of the Supreme Court positioned on the floor of the House, in front of the clerk's table. Gallery privileges are suspended during a joint address and access to those areas is strictly limited to invited guests.
Circumstances
editSuch an event is used most commonly when a visiting dignitary—such as a foreign head of state or head of government—is asked to address Parliament. However, on more rare occasions, the process may also be used to make a formal, binding request of the Canadian monarch; for example, this was part of the process used to amend the constitution of Canada prior to patriation in 1982.[1] In extreme circumstances, a joint address may also be used to remove a person previously appointed by the King-in-Council—such as a judge or ambassador—if other avenues of doing so have failed. For example, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson announced a joint address in 1967 to have Leo Landreville removed from the bench of the Supreme Court of Ontario, due to allegations of improper stock trading. Landreville had previously refused to resign, as he had not actually been convicted of a crime, but, resigned voluntarily after the government declared its intention to forcibly remove him from office.[2]
Although most addresses are made to joint sessions of Parliament, on 7 May 1941, Robert G. Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia, spoke only to the House of Commons. On 25 August 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, addressed senators, members of Parliament, and the general public outside the houses of Parliament.[3]
Dignitaries
editThe following persons have addressed a joint session of Parliament:[4]
| Date | Dignitary | Office | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30 December 1941 | Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | 
|
| 3 June 1943 | Edvard Beneš | President of Czechoslovakia | |
| 16 June 1943 | Soong Mei-ling[5][6] | First Lady of the Republic of China | |
| 1 June 1944 | John Curtin | Prime Minister of Australia | |
| 30 June 1944 | Peter Fraser | Prime Minister of New Zealand | |
| 19 November 1945 | Clement Attlee | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 11 June 1947 | Harry S. Truman | President of the United States | |
| 24 October 1949 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Prime Minister of India | 
|
| 31 May 1950 | Liaquat Ali Khan | Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
| 5 April 1951 | Vincent Auriol | President of France | |
| 14 November 1953 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | President of the United States | |
| 6 February 1956 | Anthony Eden | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 5 March 1956 | Giovanni Gronchi | President of Italy | |
| 5 June 1956 | Sukarno | President of Indonesia | |
| 4 March 1957 | Guy Mollet | Prime Minister of France | |
| 2 June 1958 | Theodor Heuss | President of West Germany | |
| 13 June 1958 | Harold Macmillan | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 9 July 1958 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | President of the United States | |
| 21 July 1958 | Kwame Nkrumah | Prime Minister of Ghana | |
| 17 May 1961 | John F. Kennedy | President of the United States | 
|
| 26 May 1964 | U Thant | Secretary-General of the United Nations | |
| 14 April 1972 | Richard Nixon | President of the United States | 
|
| 30 March 1973 | Luis Echeverría | President of Mexico | |
| 19 June 1973 | Indira Gandhi | Prime Minister of India | |
| 5 May 1980 | Masayoshi Ohira | Prime Minister of Japan | |
| 26 May 1980 | José López Portillo | President of Mexico | |
| 11 March 1981 | Ronald Reagan | President of the United States | 
|
| 26 September 1983 | Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 17 January 1984 | Zhao Ziyang | Premier of the People's Republic of China | |
| 8 May 1984 | Miguel de la Madrid | President of Mexico | |
| 7 March 1985 | Javier Pérez de Cuéllar | Secretary-General of the United Nations | |
| 13 January 1986 | Yasuhiro Nakasone | Prime Minister of Japan | |
| 6 April 1987 | Ronald Reagan | President of the United States | |
| 25 May 1987 | François Mitterrand | President of France | |
| 10 May 1988 | Beatrix | Queen of the Netherlands | |
| 16 June 1988 | Helmut Kohl | Chancellor of West Germany | |
| 22 June 1988 | Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 27 June 1989 | Chaim Herzog | President of Israel | |
| 11 October 1989 | Hussein | King of Jordan | |
| 18 June 1990 | Nelson Mandela | Deputy President of the African National Congress | |
| 8 April 1991 | Carlos Salinas de Gortari | President of Mexico | |
| 19 June 1992 | Boris Yeltsin | President of Russia | |
| 23 February 1995 | Bill Clinton | President of the United States | .jpg)
|
| 11 June 1996 | Ernesto Zedillo | President of Mexico | |
| 24 September 1998 | Nelson Mandela | President of South Africa | |
| 29 April 1999 | Václav Havel | President of the Czech Republic | |
| 22 February 2001 | Tony Blair | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 9 March 2004 | Kofi Annan | Secretary-General of the United Nations | |
| 25 October 2004 | Vicente Fox | President of Mexico | |
| 18 May 2006 | John Howard | Prime Minister of Australia | |
| 22 September 2006 | Hamid Karzai | President of Afghanistan | |
| 26 May 2008 | Viktor Yushchenko | President of Ukraine | |
| 26 May 2010 | Felipe Calderón | President of Mexico | |
| 22 September 2011 | David Cameron | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| 27 February 2014 | Aga Khan IV | Imam of Nizari Isma'ilism | |
| 17 September 2014 | Petro Poroshenko | President of Ukraine | |
| 3 November 2014 | François Hollande | President of France | |
| 29 June 2016 | Barack Obama | President of the United States | 
|
| 12 April 2017 | Malala Yousafzai | Nobel Peace Prize laureate | |
| 25 October 2018 | Mark Rutte[7] | Prime Minister of the Netherlands | |
| 15 March 2022 | Volodymyr Zelenskyy[8] | President of Ukraine | 
|
| 7 March 2023 | Ursula von der Leyen[9] | President of the European Commission | 
|
| 24 March 2023 | Joe Biden[10] | President of the United States | .jpg)
|
| 22 September 2023 | Volodymyr Zelenskyy[11] | President of Ukraine |
Winston Churchill
editDuring the Second World War, Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, stopped in Ottawa after meetings with the United States government in Washington, D.C. Churchill spoke to a joint meeting of Canada’s parliamentarians in the House of Commons on 30 December 1941, delivering an "electrifying address that stirs the passions and strengthens the resolve of a nation at war."[12] In responding to a French general's claim that, "England will have her neck wrung like a chicken" in three weeks time from a German invasion, Churchill declared, "some chicken! Some neck!" The response was met by a roar of laughter and thunderous applause.[13] Churchill would go on to lead the Allied effort to victory in the Second World War.
Richard Nixon
editPresident of the United States Richard Nixon arrived in Ottawa on a state visit on 13 April 1972. He met with Governor General Roland Michener and Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau before addressing a joint meeting of the Parliament of Canada.[14] Nixon, invoking his Nixon Doctrine on foreign policy, struck a blunt tone in his remarks. "Canadians and Americans [must] move beyond the sentimental rhetoric of the past. It is time for us to recognize that we have very separate identities [...] Each nation must determine the path of its own progress."[15] Bruce Muirhead wrote that, after the state visit, "Nixon returned to Washington with a reinforced dislike of Ottawa, Trudeau, and most things Canadian. He told his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, that he had put it to these people for kicking the US around after what we did for that lousy son of a bitch [Trudeau]. Wasting three days up there. That trip we needed like a hole in the head."[16]
Ronald Reagan
editAfter meeting with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, American president Ronald Reagan addressed the Canadian Parliament on 11 March 1981,[17] speaking humbly about the strong Canada-US relationship. "America counts many friends across the globe, surely we have no better friend than Canada."[18] Reagan even demonstrated his ability to use both of Canada’s official languages when he spoke several phrases in French. The President concluded his remarks by offering an olive branch to the people of Canada: "We're happy to be your neighbour. We want to remain your friend. We're determined to be your partner and we're intent on working closely with you in a spirit of cooperation."[19] Reagan addressed the Canadian Parliament once more as president, in 1987.[20]
Margaret Thatcher
editMargaret Thatcher. then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, addressed Parliament on 26 September 1983. Only one year after the patriation of the Canadian constitution, Thatcher recognized that, "a constitutional link has, quite properly, been severed," but Canada and the United Kingdom are still linked in important ways, including the belief "in the same high and honourable ideals", like freedom, justice, and parliamentary democracy.[21] In 2013, after a 30-year ban on classified Cabinet files had expired, documents from the British National Archives revealed that, prior to her trip to Ottawa, Thatcher had been briefed to be careful of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's "unsound personal views" and of Canadians "inordinately sensitive" nature.[22] Thatcher, by then the Lady Thatcher, returned to Canada in 1988 and, at the invitation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, addressed Parliament again.[23]
Nelson Mandela
editMere months after being released from 27 years prison, South Africa's Nelson Mandela became only the fourth person who was not a head of state or head of government to address a joint session of the Parliament of Canada. Mandela thanked Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the government of Canada for its strong opposition to the apartheid regime in South Africa and pleaded to keep the sanctions in place to pressure the South African government towards reform. In 1998, Mandela returned to address the Canadian Parliament as the first democratically elected president of South Africa.[24]
Aga Khan
editPrime Minister Stephen Harper invited the Aga Khan to address Canada’s Parliament in February 2014. The spiritual leader and 49th hereditary Imam of the Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims spoke of the "unprecedented honour" to speak in the House of Commons and called Canada an "exemplary leader" in the "global effort to foster peace, prosperity, and equality through pluralism." The Aga Khan was bestowed honorary Canadian citizenship and, fresh after the 2014 Winter Olympics, joked that he hoped be asked to join the Canadian Olympic hockey team.[25][26]
Barack Obama
editImmediately following the 2016 Three Amigos Summit in Ottawa, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau invited United States president Barack Obama to address the Parliament of Canada on 29 June 2016. Obama delivered a portrait of the "extraordinary alliance and deep friendship between Canadians and Americans." Nearing the end of his term in office, and fresh off the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom, Obama spoke in defence of the international liberal order in the face of rising isolationist sentiment around the world. Obama offered an endorsement of Trudeau when he said that, "my time in office may be nearing an end, but I know that Canada—and the world—will benefit from your [Trudeau’s] leadership [sic] for years to come." The President also quoted the Prime Minister's late father, Pierre Trudeau: "A country is not something you build as the pharaohs built the pyramids [...] A country is something that is built every day out of certain basic shared values." This was Obama’s second state visit to Canada, but the first time addressing a joint session of Parliament.[27][28]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Lederman, William (1983), "The Supreme Court of Canada and Basic Constitutional Amendment", in Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard (eds.), And No One Cheered: Federalism, Democracy, and the Constitution Act, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, p. 177, ISBN 978-0-458-95950-1, retrieved 12 June 2010
- ^ Kaplan, William (June 1996). Bad Judgment: The Case of Mr Justice Leo A. Landreville. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-0836-7.
- ^ Parliament of Canada. "Heads of States and of Governments who have addressed Joint Sessions of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ Bosc, Marc; Gagnon, André, eds. (2017). "Chapter 9 Sittings of the House". HOUSE OF COMMONS PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE (3rd ed.).
- ^ Parliament of Canada. "Foreign Dignitaries who have Addressed Joint Sessions of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ Parliament of Canada. "House of Commons Procedure and Practice: Sittings of the House". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
- ^ "Speech by Prime Minister Mark Rutte to the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa - Speech - Government.nl". 25 October 2018.
- ^ "Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky addresses Parliament as Russian forces edge toward Kyiv - CBC News". 15 March 2022.
- ^ Major, Darren (March 7, 2023). "European Commission president calls Canada a 'true friend' in address to Parliament". CBC News. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ "Watch live coverage of U.S. President Joe Biden's trip to Canada". CTVNews. 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
- ^ "Key moments from Zelenskyy's speech to Parliament". CBC News. www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
- ^ "1941: Winston Churchill's 'chicken' speech" CBC Digital Archives. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Some Chicken! Some Neck! Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Speech to the House of Commons" Sir Winston Churchill Society of Ottawa. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "M. Nixon - Travels of the President" State Department: Office of the Historian. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "Nixon: Address to a Joint Meeting of the Canadian Parliament" The American Presidency Project. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ Muirhead, Bruce. From Special Relationship to Third Option: Canada, the U.S., and the Nixon Shock. American Review of Canadian Studies: 1 October 2004. DOI: 10.1080/02722010409481207. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "Reagan - Travels of the President" State Department: Office of the Historian. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Reagan: Remarks of the President and Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau of Canada Before a Joint Session of the Parliament in Ottawa" The American Presidency Project. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "President Reagan addresses Canadian Parliament" Youtube. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "Address to a Joint Session of Parliament in Ottawa, Canada" The American Presidency Project. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "Speech to Canadian Parliament" Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ Waldie, Paul and Leblanc, Daniel. "Thatcher briefing warned of Canadian sensitivity, Trudeau’s opinions" The Globe and Mail: 1 August 2013. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Margaret Thatcher addresses Canadian Parliament (1988)" Youtube. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Nelson Mandela visits Canada" CBC Digital Archives. Accessed 14 March 2017
- ^ "Address of His Highness Aga Khan 49th Hereditary Imam of the Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims to both Houses of Parliament in the House of Commons Chamber, Ottawa" Library of the Parliament of Canada. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Aga Khan addresses Parliament of Canada and signs protocol with Prime Minister" Youtube. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "Remarks by President Obama in Address to the Parliament of Canada" The White House: President Barack Obama. Accessed 14 March 2017.
- ^ "President Obama Addresses Parliament" Youtube. Accessed 14 March 2017.