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Kehlsteinhaus

Not to be confused with Berghof (residence).

The Kehlsteinhaus (known in English as the Eagle's Nest) is a Nazi-constructed building erected atop the summit of the Kehlstein, a rocky outcrop that rises above Obersalzberg near the southeast German town of Berchtesgaden. It was used exclusively by members of the Nazi Party for government and social meetings. It was visited on 14 documented instances by Adolf Hitler.[1][2] Today, it is open seasonally as a restaurant, beer garden, and tourist site.

Eagle's Nest
Kehlsteinhaus
The Kehlsteinhaus in 2017
Bavaria
Bavaria
Location within Germany
General information
StatusCompleted
TypeChalet
LocationObersalzberg
Town or cityBerchtesgaden
CountryGermany
Coordinates47°36′40″N 13°02′30″E / 47.61111°N 13.04167°E / 47.61111; 13.04167
Elevation1,834 m (6,017 ft)
Completed1938
Inaugurated20 April 1939
Website
www.kehlsteinhaus.de/en/

Construction

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Map showing the location of the Kehlsteinhaus (labelled "Eagle's Nest") and Führer Headquarters throughout occupied Europe

The Kehlsteinhaus sits on a ridge atop the Kehlstein, a 1,834 m (6,017 ft) subpeak of the Hoher Göll that rises above the town of Berchtesgaden. It was commissioned by Martin Bormann in the summer of 1937. Paid for by the Nazi Party, it was completed in 13 months. Twelve workers died during its construction.[3]

A 4 m (13 ft) wide approach road climbs 800 m (2,600 ft) over 6.5 km (4.0 mi); it includes five tunnels and one hairpin turn. It cost 30 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ to build (about $247 million USD, inflation-adjusted for 2022). Hitler's birthday in April 1939 was considered a deadline for the project's completion, so work continued throughout the winter of 1938, even at night with the worksite lit by searchlights.[4]

From a large car park, a 124 m (407 ft) entry tunnel leads to an ornate elevator that ascends the final 124 m (407 ft) to the building.[5] The tunnel is lined with marble and was originally heated with warm air from an adjoining service tunnel. However it was normal for visiting high-officials to be driven through the tunnel to the elevator. Their driver would then have to reverse the car for the entire length of the tunnel as there was no space to turn.[4]

The inside of the large elevator is surfaced with polished brass, Venetian mirrors, and green leather. The building's main reception room is dominated by a fireplace of red Italian marble presented by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, which was damaged by Allied soldiers chipping off pieces to take home as souvenirs. The building had a completely electric appliance kitchen, which was unusual in 1937, but was never used to cook meals; instead meals were prepared in town and taken to the kitchen on the mountain top to be reheated.[4] The building also has heated floors, with heating required for at least two days before visitors arrived. A MAN submarine diesel engine and an electrical generator were installed in an underground chamber close to the main entrance, to provide back-up power.[4]

Much of the furniture was designed by Paul László.

Use

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Photo of the entrance tunnel in 1945 leading to the elevator going up to the Kehlsteinhaus, visible at top

Hitler first visited on 16 September 1938 and returned to inaugurate it on 20 April 1939, his 50th birthday, though it was not intended as a birthday gift.[6]

There are two ways to approach and enter the building: the road and the Kehlsteinhaus elevator. Hitler did not trust the elevator, continually expressed his reservations of its safety, and disliked using it; his biggest fear was that the elevator's winch mechanism on the roof would attract a lightning strike. Bormann took great pains to never mention the two serious lightning strikes that occurred during construction.[2][7][page needed]

The Kehlsteinhaus lies several miles directly above[clarification needed] the Berghof, Hitler's summer home. In a rare diplomatic engagement, Hitler received departing French ambassador André François-Poncet on 18 October 1938, here. It was he who coined the name "Eagle's Nest" for the building while later describing the experience; this has since become a commonly used name for the Kehlsteinhaus.[4]

A wedding reception for Eva Braun's sister Gretl was held there following her marriage to Hermann Fegelein on 3 June 1944. While Hitler more often than not left the entertaining duties to others, he believed the house presented an excellent opportunity to entertain important and impressionable guests.[2]

Referred to as the "D-Haus", short for "Diplomatic Reception House", the Kehlsteinhaus is often conflated with the teahouse on Mooslahnerkopf Hill near the Berghof,[8] which Hitler walked to daily after lunch.[9] The teahouse was demolished by the Bavarian government after the war, due to its connection to Hitler.[10]

Allied capture

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The Kehlsteinhaus was a target for the 25 April 1945 bombing of Obersalzberg. This was a Royal Air Force bombing raid conducted by No. 1, No. 5, and No. 8 Group and No. 617 Squadron.[11] The small house proved an elusive target for the force of 359 Avro Lancasters and 16 de Havilland Mosquitoes, which bombed and severely damaged the Berghof area instead.

It is uncertain which Allied military unit was the first to reach the Kehlsteinhaus. The matter is compounded by popular confusion of it being taken on 4 May by forward elements of the 2e Division Blindée (specifically "La Nueve", a company composed of Spanish Republicans), with the town of Berchtesgaden, taken by elements of the U.S. 7th Infantry Regiment.[12][13][a]

Reputedly, members of the 7th went as far as the elevator to the Kehlsteinhaus,[12] with at least one person claiming that he and a partner continued on to the top.[16] In a Library of Congress interview and more recent interviews, Herman Louis Finnell of the 3rd Infantry Division said that his regiment entered the Berghof, not the Kehlsteinhaus.[17] However, the 101st Airborne claims it was first both to Berchtesgaden and the Kehlsteinhaus.[18][failed verification]

Meanwhile, troops of the 2e Division Blindée, including Laurent Touyeras, Georges Buis, and Paul Répiton-Préneuf, were present on the night of 4-5 May, and took Hitler's personal items and several photographs before the Americans arrived and before leaving on 10 May at the request of U.S. command.[19][20] This is corroborated by numerous testimonies of the Spanish soldiers who went along with them.[21]

Undamaged in the 25 April bombing raid, the Kehlsteinhaus was subsequently used by the Allies as a military command post until 1960, when it was handed back to the State of Bavaria.

Today

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Today the building is owned by a charitable trust, and operates as a restaurant offering indoor dining and an outdoor beer garden. It is a popular tourist attraction due to its historical significance. The road has been closed to private vehicles since 1952 because it is too narrow for two-way travel. The house can be reached on foot (in two hours) from Obersalzberg, or by bus from the Documentation Centre. The Documentation Centre directs visitors to the coach station where tickets are purchased. The bus ticket serves as an entry ticket, as it permits the holder entry to the building's elevator. The buses are specially modified to ascend the steep road leading to the peak. In 2023 the shuttle busses were converted to fully electric. The Kehlsteinhaus interior offers little information about its past. Photos displayed and described along the wall of the sun terrace document the pre-construction location and later history.[22]

Informal tours of the Kehlsteinhaus can be booked through the website. Due to concern about neo-Nazis and post-war Nazi sympathisers, no external guides are permitted to conduct tours.

The lower rooms are not part of the restaurant but can be visited with a guide. They offer views of the building's past through plate-glass windows. Graffiti left by Allied troops is still clearly visible in the surrounding woodwork. The red Italian marble fireplace remains damaged by Allied souvenir hunters, though this was later halted by signage posted that the building was U.S. government property, and damage to it was cause for disciplinary action.[22] Hitler's small study is now a storeroom for the cafeteria.

A trail leads above the Kehlsteinhaus towards the Mannlgrat ridge reaching from the Kehlstein to the summit of the Hoher Göll. The route, which is served by a Klettersteig, is regarded as the easiest to the top.[23]

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  •  
    Fireplace in the Kehlsteinhaus, a present from Mussolini (The three central stones were chipped by Allied souvenir hunters.)[24]
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    The tunnel leading to the Kehlsteinhaus elevator
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    The Kehlsteinhaus from below
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    Panorama view of Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg from the Kehlsteinhaus
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    The Kehlsteinhaus can just be seen atop the tree-covered mountain to the far right (background).

References

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Informational notes

  1. ^ According to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe, the 3rd Infantry Division was the first to take the town of Berchtesgaden; the "Eagle's Nest" is never mentioned.[14] General Maxwell D. Taylor, former Commanding General of the 101st Airborne Division, then attached to the XXI Corps, agreed.[15]

Citations

  1. ^ "Wo Hitler Schwindlig Wurde [Where Hitler Was Dizzy]". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). October 21, 1939. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Joshua, Rick D. (February 22, 2013). "Adolf Hitler and the Kehlsteinhaus". Das Kehlsteinhaus. Rick D. Joshua. Archived from the original on June 8, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  3. ^ "Adolf Hitler", Current Biography 1941, p384
  4. ^ a b c d e Wilson, James (January 13, 2014). Hitler's Alpine Headquarters. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3187-2. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  5. ^ Norbert Eder. "The Eagle's Nest - Obersalzberg in Berchtesgaden". Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  6. ^ "Kehlsteinhaus - Geschichte". Archived from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  7. ^ Wilson, James. Hitler's Alpine Headquarters.
  8. ^ "Gutshof & Teehaus". www.thirdreichruins.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2024. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  9. ^ "Kehlsteinhaus". Hitler Mountain. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010.
  10. ^ "Dokumentation Obersalzberg: Blowing up the ruins of the former Berghof". Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  11. ^ "ROYAL AIR FORCE BOMBER COMMAND 1942-1945 (C 5247)". Imperial War Museums. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  12. ^ a b World War II: Race to Seize Berchtesgaden Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine HistoryNet 12 June 2006
  13. ^ United States Army in World War II, Special Studies, Chronology 1941-1945 [1] Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine "In U.S. Seventh Army's XV Corps area, 7th Inf of 3d Div, crossing into Austria, advances through Salzburg to Berchtesgaden without opposition".
  14. ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe 418 (1948) (The exact quote from page 418 reads "On May 4 the 3d division of the same corps captured Berchtesgaden." The corps mentioned was the US XV Corps. The term "Eagle's Nest" is not in the quote nor the paragraph that mentions the capture of Berchtesgaden.
  15. ^ Maxwell D. Taylor, Swords and Plowshares 106 (1972) "3d Division units got into Berchtesgaden ahead of us on the afternoon of May 4"
  16. ^ Library of Congress: Veterans History Project: Interview with Herman Finnell Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine: Herman Louis Finnell of the 3rd Division, 7th Regiment, Company I, stated that he and his ammo carrier, Pfc. Fungerburg, were the first to enter the Eagle's Nest, as well as the secret passages below the structure. Finnell stated that the hallway below the structure had rooms on either side filled with destroyed paintings, evening gowns, as well as destroyed medical equipment and a wine cellar.
  17. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: WTVC NewsChannel 9 (June 5, 2014), The Price of Freedom: World War II Veteran Herman Finnell, retrieved February 10, 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Video: Allies Sign Control Law For Germany,1945/06/14 (1945). Universal Newsreel. 1945. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  19. ^ Georges Buis and Jean Lacouture, Les Fanfares perdues: Entretiens avec Jean Lacouture. Éditions du Seuil, 1975.
  20. ^ Kuta, Sarah. "Hitler's Watch Sells for $1.1 Million at Controversial Auction". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
  21. ^ Mesquida, Evelyn (April 2010). La Nueve. Los españoles que liberaron París [The Nine. The Spaniards who liberated Paris] (in Spanish).
  22. ^ a b "Kehlsteinhaus". www.thirdreichruins.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2003. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  23. ^ "Mannlgrat : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org.
  24. ^ "Fireplace in the great hall of das Kehlsteinhaus aka the Eagle's Nest". Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
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