Kĕnaboi is an extinct unclassified language of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia that may be a language isolate or an Austroasiatic language belonging to the Aslian branch. It is attested in what appears to be two dialects,[1][2] based on word lists of about 250 lexical items, presumably collected around 1870–90.
| Kĕnaboi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Malaysia |
| Region | Negeri Sembilan |
| Era | attested c. 1880 |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xbn |
xbn.html | |
| Glottolog | kena1236 |
Background
editIn Walter William Skeat and Charles Otto Blagden's 1906 work "Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula",[3] the contents of three previously unpublished wordlists appear, two of which were collected by D.F.A. Hervey, a former government official in Malacca. There is no indication as to when these word lists were collected; however, there is a possibility that these wordlists were collected around the 1870s to 1890s.[4]
Hervey collected his Kenaboi lexicon in Alor Gajah, Melaka from speakers living in Gunung Dato', Rembau District,[5] which is a small inland mountainous area in southern Negeri Sembilan. Based on the ethnonym, the Kenaboi may have originated from the Kenaboi River valley of Jelebu District, northern Negeri Sembilan (Hajek 1998). Today, the Orang Asli of Negeri Sembilan are primarily Temuan speakers.
Classification
editJohn Hajek (1998)[4] proposes that Kenaboi is a mixed language of both Aslian and Austronesian origins, with Kenaboi (dialect 1) having a higher proportion of Austroasiatic words than Kenaboi (dialect 2). Kenaboi (dialect 1) also has many words of unknown origin, such as mambu 'white' and par 'water'. Hajek (1998) speculates that the lexical aberrancy of Kenaboi 1 may due to the fact that Kenaboi 1 was a special taboo language, while Kenaboi 2 was the regular non-taboo language. The lexicon of Kenaboi 1 is 47% Austroasiatic, 27% Austronesian, and 26% unclassified out of a total of 216 words.[4]
Hammarström, et al.[6] note in Glottolog that Kenaboi is best considered to be a language isolate, and do not consider arguments of Kenaboi as a taboo-jargon (argot) to be convincing. Skeat and Blagden (1906) considers Kenaboi as an isolate unrelated to Austroasiatic and Austronesian.
Rasa, another extinct language documented in Skeat & Blagden (1906) near Rasa in Ulu Selangor, also has many words of uncertain origin (Phillips 2012: 257-258).[7]
See also
edit- Kenaboi word list (Wiktionary)
- Andamanese languages
- Philippine Negrito languages
- Proto-Aslian language
- Kusunda language
Other Southeast Asian languages with high proportions of unique vocabulary of possible isolate origin:
- Enggano language (Indonesia)
- Manide language (Philippines)
- Umiray Dumaget language (Philippines)
Notes
edit- ^ 0m1-kdo in MultiTree.
- ^ 0m1-kdt in MultiTree.
- ^ Skeat & Blagden 1906
- ^ a b c Hajek 1998
- ^ Skeat & Blagden 1906, pp. 497–498
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kenaboi language". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Phillips 2012
References
edit- Skeat, W. W.; Blagden, C. O. (1906). Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan and Co.
- Hajek, John (1998). "Kenaboi: An Extinct Unclassified Language of the Malay Peninsula" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 28: 137–149. doi:10.15144/MKSJ-28.137.
- Phillips, Timothy C. (2012). Proto-Aslian: Towards an Understanding of Its Historical Linguistic Systems, Principles and Processes (Ph.D. thesis). Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
Further reading
edit- Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2006. Hervey's 'Kenaboi': Lost Malayan Language or Forest-Collecting Taboo Jargon?. Singapore.
- Hajek, John. 1996. The Mystery of the Kenaboi: A First Report. Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. (International workshop on South-East Asian studies; No. 11. (The study of) endangered languages and literatures of South-East Asia).