Kike (/kaɪk/), also known as K-word,[1] is an ethnic slur directed at Jewish people.
Etymology
The earliest recorded use of the word dates to the 1880s.[2][3][4][disputed (for: current OED does not support that date) – discuss]
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it may be an alteration of the endings -ki or -ky common in the personal names of Jews in eastern Europe who immigrated to the United States in the early 20th century.[2] A variation or expansion of this theory published in Our Crowd (1967), by Stephen Birmingham, postulates that the term "kike" was coined as a put-down by the assimilated U.S. Jews from Germany to identify eastern European and Russian Jews: "Because many Russian [Jewish] names ended in 'ki', they were called 'kikes'—a German Jewish contribution to the American vernacular. The name then proceeded to be co-opted by non-Jews as it gained prominence in its usage in society, and was later used as a general derogatory slur."
The Encyclopedia of Swearing suggests that Leo Rosten's suggestion is the most likely.[4] He stated that:
The word kike was born on Ellis Island when there were Jewish migrants who were also illiterate (or could not use Latin alphabet letters). When asked to sign the entry-forms with the customary "X", the Jewish immigrants would refuse, because they associated an X with the cross of Christianity. Instead, they drew a circle as the signature on the entry-forms. The Yiddish word for "circle" is kikel (pronounced KY - kel), and for "little circle", kikeleh. Before long the immigration inspectors were calling anyone who signed with an "O" instead of an "X" a kikel or kikeleh or kikee or, finally and succinctly, kike.[5]
The Yiddish word קײַקל (kikel) probably descends from the ancient Greek word for circle, κύκλος (kyklos). Ironically, this Greek word also gave rise to the name of the Ku Klux Klan, an American antisemitic group.[6]
Compounding the mysterious origin of this term, in 1864 in the United Kingdom the word ike or ikey was used as a derogatory term for Jews, which derived from the name "Isaac", a common Jewish name.[4][7]
Usage
Some sources say that the first use was on Ellis Island as a term for Jewish people,[8][page needed] others that it was used primarily by Jewish-Americans to put down Jewish immigrants.[citation needed]
In a travel report from 1937 for the German-Jewish publication Der Morgen, Joachim Prinz, writing of the situation of Jewish immigrants in the US, allegedly mentioned the word as being used by Jews to denigrate other Eastern Jews:
Es ist nicht erhebend zu sehen, wie verworren die Vorstellungen sind, wie wenig die Einwanderer gelernt haben, wie glücklich sie teilweise sind, dem Judenschicksal entsprungen zu sein, und wie überheblich sie oft sind. Es macht traurig, daß sie in manchen Kreisen sehr unbeliebt sind, und man wundert sich über die Dummheit derer, die die Ostjuden (von denen sie ja doch gestützt werden!) verächtlich „Kikes‟ nennen ...[9]
It is not uplifting to see how confused the perceptions are, how little the immigrants have learnt, how happy some of them are to have escaped [or: arisen from] the destiny [or: fate] of the Jews, and how haughty many of them are. It is saddening that they are very unpopular in many circles, and bewildering is the stupidity of those who contemptuously call the Eastern Jews (who support them after all!) "kikes" ...
The slur was also spotted in several protests, with an NYC Jewish woman being called a "F***king murderous kike" during an altercation at a Biden fundraiser.[10][11] A similar incident of the slur being used happened at California's Occidental College and Pomona College, against which the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law filed Title VI[12] complaints on behalf of the assaulted Jewish students.[13][14]
See also
- Kikeout Mountain (since renamed Kakeout Mountain due to controversy)
- List of common nouns derived from ethnic group names
- List of ethnic slurs
- Profanity
- Yid
References
- ^ Garber & Hanson 2022, p. 10.
- ^ a b "Welcome to the new OED Online : Oxford English Dictionary". Dictionary.oed.com. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ Kim Pearson's Rhetoric of Race by Eric Wolarsky. The College of New Jersey.
- ^ a b c Encyclopedia of Swearing: Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English Speaking World / Geoffrey Hughes. Armonk, N.Y. : M. E. Sharpe, c2006.
- ^ Leo Rosten: The Joys of Yiddish, cited in Kim Pearson's Rhetoric of Race by Eric Wolarsky. The College of New Jersey.
- ^ Donald, Graeme (5 November 2015). Words of a Feather - an Etymological Explanation of Astonishing Word Pairs. Metro. ISBN 978-1-78418-924-2.
- ^ New Dictionary of American Slang/ edited by Robert L. Chapman. New York: Harper & Crow. c1986.
- ^ John Ayto, John Simpson. The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- ^ Prinz, Joachim (June 1937). "Amerika – hast Du es besser?". Der Morgen (in German). Vol. 13, no. 3. p. 110.
- ^ "'F***king murderous kike': Pro-Palestinian protesters accost Biden fundraiser attendees on NYC streets". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Campuses are banning discrimination against Zionists. That's good news for the pro-Palestinian camp". The Forward. 7 September 2024.
- ^ "Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964". United States Department of Justice. 9 April 2023.
- ^ "ADL Report on Nationwide Campus Turmoil: May 10, 2024". San Diego Jewish World.
- ^ "Federal investigation into antisemitism at UC Berkeley launches after campus incidents". Berkeleyside.
Sources
- Garber, Zev; Hanson, Kenneth L. (2022). Teaching the Shoah: Mandate and Momentum. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-9121-9.
External links
The dictionary definition of kike at Wiktionary
