A kollel (Hebrew: כולל, pl. כוללים, kollelim, a "gathering" or "collection" [of scholars]) is an institute for full-time, advanced study of the Talmud and rabbinic literature. Like a yeshiva, a kollel features shiurim (lectures) and learning sedarim (sessions); unlike most yeshivot, the student body of a kollel typically consists mostly of married men. A kollel generally pays a regular monthly stipend to its members.[1]
History
editOriginal sense
editOriginally, the word was used in the sense of "community". Each group of European Jews settling in Israel established their own community with their own support system. Each community was referred to as the "kollel of [place-name]" to identify the specific community of the Old Yishuv. The overwhelming majority of these Jews were scholars who left their homelands to devote themselves to study Torah and serve God for the rest of their lives. The kollel was the umbrella organization for all their needs.
The first examples were Kolel Perushim (students of the Vilna Gaon who established the first Ashkenazi Jewish settlement in Jerusalem) and Colel Chabad for the Russian Hasidim. The Polish Jews were divided into many kollelim: Kolel Polen (Poland), headed by Rabbi Chaim Elozor Wax; Kolel Vilna Zamość was under different leadership; and the Galicians were incorporated under Kolel Chibas Yerushalayim. The last initially included the entire Austro-Hungarian Kingdom, but as each subparty looking for more courteous distribution, the Hungarians separated into Kolel Shomrei HaChomos.
Modern sense
editThe first kollel – in the modern sense of the term – in the Jewish diaspora was the Kovno Kollel ("Kolel Perushim"[2]) founded in Kovno (Kaunas, Lithuania) in 1877.[3][4] It was founded by Rabbi Yisrael Salanter[5] and directed by Rabbi Isaac Blaser. The ten students enrolled were required to separate from their families, except for the Sabbath, and devote themselves to studying for the Rabbinate. There was a four-year limit on one's membership in the kollel.
Two people can be considered to have spearheaded[6][7] the kollel philosophy and outgrowth in today's world: Rabbi Aharon Kotler (founder of Beth Medrash Govoha, Lakewood, New Jersey, the largest yeshiva in the US) and Rabbi Elazar Shach, one of the most prominent leaders of the Jewish community in Israel until his death in 2001. The community kollel movement was also fostered by Torah Umesorah, the National Society for Hebrew Day Schools.[8][9]
Currently, the term is applied in America to any stipend given for yeshiva study and is now a general term for the yeshivah approach to life.[4]
Philosophy
editThe philosophy of the kollel, in which members are subsisting on support from others, is part of an overall philosophy of some Orthodox Jews, that God desires that the children of Israel primarily occupy themselves in this world with the study of the Torah, and gave certain Jews more of a propensity to work with the intention that they should support the 'learners'. In Orthodox Judaism this has become known as the 'Yissachar-Zebulun' partnership,[10][11] after the Midrashic legend that the tribe of Zevulun financially supported the tribe of Issachar so that they could occupy themselves with Torah study.[12] The reward of the supporter in the World-to-Come is seen to be equal to that of the scholar's reward.
Structure
editLeadership
editMost kollels have a scholar serving as a rosh kollel, or head of the kollel.[13][14] He decides on the subject matter studied by the kollel. In many cases he also has to spend considerable time fund-raising to support the kollel.
Many kollels employ former students – avrechim (אברכים), sg. avrech (אברך) – as fundraisers, often giving them titles such as Executive Director or Director of Community Programming. Fundraising projects may include sponsorships of specific events or "day(s) of learning."
Student body
editMany Orthodox Jewish yeshiva students study in kollel for a year or two after they get married, whether or not they will pursue a rabbinic career.[15] Modest stipends, or the salaries of their working wives, and the increased wealth of many families have made kollel study commonplace for yeshiva graduates. The largest United States kollel is at Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, New Jersey. More than 4,500 kollel scholars are attached to the yeshiva, which has 6500 students in total. Large kollels also exist in Ner Israel Rabbinical College, numbering 180 scholars, and in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, with more than 100 scholars. In the Israeli Haredi Jewish community, thousands of men study full-time for many years in hundreds of kollelim.
Kollel has been known at times to cause a great deal of friction with the secular Israeli public at large. It has been criticized by the Modern Orthodox, non-Orthodox, and secular Jewish communities. The Haredi community defends the practice of kollel on the grounds that Judaism must cultivate Torah scholarship in the same way that the secular academic world conducts research into subject areas. While costs may be high in the short run, in the long run the Jewish people will benefit from having numerous learned laymen, scholars, and rabbis. (See also: Religious relations in Israel)
Yeshiva students who learn in kollel often continue their studies and become rabbis,[16][17] poskim ("deciders" of Jewish law), or teachers of Talmud and Judaism. Others enter the world of business. If successful, they may financially support the study of others while making time to continue their own learning.
Community kollelim
editIn the late 20th century, community kollelim were introduced.[18][19] They are an Orthodox outreach tool, aimed to decrease assimilation and propagate Orthodox Judaism among the wider Jewish population.[20] In the early 1990s community kollelim (or kollels) in North America were functioning in Los Angeles, Toronto, and Detroit; a kollel was also established in Montreal. Other locations with community kollelim include Atlanta, Dallas, Jacksonville, Las Vegas, Miami Beach, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Phoenix, St. Louis, and Seattle.
In the past years about 30 Haredi community kollelim in North America have been opened by yeshiva-trained scholars to serve, in addition to the full-time study by the members of the kollel, as centers for adult education and outreach to the Jewish communities in which they located themselves.[21][22] Topics include everything from basic Hebrew to advanced Talmud. In addition to imparting Torah knowledge, such kollels function to impart technical skills required for self-study.
Many Modern Orthodox communities host a Torah MiTzion kollel, where Hesder graduates learn and teach, generally for one year.
In recent years there have been established a number of Chassidishe Kollelim as well, such as the Chicago Chassidishe Kollel,[23][24] the Los Angeles Kollel Yechiel Yehudah, and others. Unlike most community Kollelim that primarily focus on in depth Talmud study, Chassidishe Kollelim usually focus more on the study of Shulchan Aruch and poskim,[25] including tests on the material by leading Poskim.[25][26][27]
Criticism
editMaimonides in his code of Jewish law,[28] is very critical of those that study Torah without having a source of income and rely on charity, to the extent that he calls it a disgrace to God and to the Torah.
However, the kollel system is both a popular and accepted one in many Orthodox Jewish circles, yet some maintain that a distinction must be made between a situation of mutual desire for such by both the learner and the supporter and, on the other hand, communities that put pressure on the learner to join and remain in a kollel while simultaneously putting pressure on the community to support such an individual.[29]
Some other criticisms of the modern kollel system include:
- The difficult financial burden placed on individuals who are less than willing to support institutions for kollel studies.[30]
- The complex halachic permissibility of receiving financial support for Torah study, while avoiding preparation for a future occupation.[31]
- The community-wide poverty that often accompanies the system[32] along with its effect on the larger economy.[33]
- The convention of isolation from daily life, social interactions and a career resulting in studies being divorced from actual day-to-day practice.[34]
- The lack of standardized testing and regular supervision which allows for misuse of time intended for study.[35]
- The focus on thorough examination of a relatively few number of pages of Talmud, as opposed to completion of the entire Talmud with a focus on practical halachah and other areas of Jewish literature.[36]
References
edit- ^ "Kollel".
kollels generally pay a regular monthly stipend to their married members.
- ^ "Kovno Kollel". Spectroom.com.
The Kovno Kollel also known as Kollel Perushim of Kovno or Kollel Knesses Beis Yitzchok, was ...
- ^ Shimon Yosef ben Elimelekh Meler (2006). Prince of the Torah Kingdom: Excerpts. Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 1583305831.
Kollel Kovno was the first kernel of the yeshivah, established in 5637 (1877).
- ^ a b "Kollel".
The first kollel .. was the Kovno Kollel, the "Kollel Perushim" founded in Kovno (Lithuania) in 1877. The ten students were required to separate from their families, except for the Sabbath, and devote themselves to studying for the Rabbinate.
- ^ "herbert ta - The Breman Museum" (PDF).
Yitzchak Elchanan Yeshiva is also known as the Kovno Kollel (also known as ... It was founded in 1877 by Rabbi Yisrael Lipkin Salanter
[permanent dead link] - ^ "It takes a Kollel" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
..Kollel ... under the guidance of Rabbi Aharon Kotler. At first, he traveled to each community ...
- ^ "Rabbi Aharon Kotler".
The Legacy Of Maran Rav Aharon Kotler: A Vivid Portrait of ... the kollel philosophy ...
- ^ "An Orthodox community comes of age in Waterbury". The Jewish Ledger. May 18, 2010.
This year, the Waterbury Jewish community turns 10. ... a little extra, so they bring in a yeshiva or a kollel or more young families. ... until the dreamer approached Torah Umesorah, the national society of Orthodox day schools and ...
- ^ "The Emergence of the Community Kollel: A New Model". February 22, 2016.
.. communities in North America: the community kollel. .... as a unique movement within American Orthodoxy. ... the Torah Umesorah educational network
- ^ "The Torah-Business Partnership".
... person supports the other who learns Torah, and the reward is shared between the two of them, has come to be known as a "Yissachar-Zevulun" partnership.
- ^ "Yissachar/Zevulun Relationships". 13 April 2018.
Tzitz Eliezer on Yissachar/Zevulun Relationships ... who study Torah, but this kind of arrangement only works if it's a partnership
- ^ "Bereshit Rabbah 99:9".
- ^ "The Kollel Community". JewishJournal.com. 7 March 2002.
Rabbi Chaim Fasman now holds the position of rosh kollel (head) of Kollel Los Angeles Bais Avrohom, the largest of six kollels in Los Angeles, with 15 full-time learners. ... you need years of training to become a Torah scholar.
- ^ "History".
... Sunday morning by the Rosh Kollel Harav Shlomo Miller Shlita
- ^ Helmreich, W. The World of the Yeshiva (The Free Press, 1982), p. 261
- ^ "Our Faculty & Staff - Shapell's Darche Noam". Archived from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
... studied at Yeshiva University's Gruss Kollel, where he earned smicha.
- ^ "Kollel Toronto". January 11, 2017.
Toronto's Kollel graduates have become Rabbis
- ^ "Kollel: What is it and why is everybody doing it?".
... kollelim, lit. a "group" or "collection" [of scholars]) is an ... and are supported by ... the Jewish community (or sometimes ...). ... recent innovation that was introduced in the late 20th century as a response to ...
- ^ Adam S. Ferziger. "Emergence of the Community Kollel" (PDF).
... analogy to the twentieth century "community kollelim" in which young families ... The introduction of a new, organized framework ...
- ^ Ferziger, Adam F. (2006). "The Emergence of the Community Kolel: A new model for addressing assimilation" (PDF). The Rappaport Center for Assimilation Research and Strengthening Jewish Vitality, Bar Ilan University. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ "Adult Education - Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis". Archived from the original on 2017-12-24. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
That purpose is to offer Jewish education to all Jews, regardless of level of ... to the values of community, family and educational outreach. The Kollel provides ...
- ^ "Community : Bensalem Jewish Outreach Center".
- ^ "JUF : Guide to Jewish Living : Chicago Chassidishe Kollel".
- ^ "The Chesed of Chicago". 8 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Kollel Zichron Yitzchok Zev/ The Chassidishe Kollel… | The Chicago Jewish Home". 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
- ^ "Happening in… Issue 941". 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Photo Gallery: Yungeleit from the Chicago Chassidishe Kollel are tested on all of hilchos basar b'chalav and taaruvos by hagaon Rav Avrohom Hersh Wosner, shlit".
- ^ Laws of Torah Study, chapter 3 halacha 10–11
- ^ Sokol, Sam (November 26, 2014). "US haredim seek to share kollels' 'burden'". JPost.com. The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ Prager, Dennis (December 1, 2010). "Ultra-Orthodox Yeshivas and secular universities". Jewish Journal.
- ^ Levi, Yehudah (1990). "Accepting Payment for Torah Study - Halakhic Opinions". Torah Study: A Survey of Classic Sources on Timely Issues. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. p. 44. ISBN 1-58330-556-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2016-06-22.
- ^ Leibler, Isi (June 19, 2016). "Israel and Diaspora Jewry – A Looming Crisis". The Algemeiner Journal.
This has economic implications and dooms most haredim to poverty, dependence on welfare or on the earnings of their wives.
- ^ Goldman, Mordechai (January 28, 2016). "Israel support for yeshiva students up by 53%. Is it enough?". Al-Monitor.
There is nothing in Jewish history that compares to this society of learners. It is very serious and very dangerous for us to encourage ultra-Orthodox men to remain in kollels. It causes enormous harm to the economy.
- ^ Prager, Dennis (December 1, 2010). "Ultra-Orthodox Yeshivas and secular universities". Jewish Journal.
- ^ Novick, Akiva (October 24, 2010). "'We yeshiva students barely study'". Ynet News.
- ^ Kahane, Libby (2010). Beyond Words: Selected Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane 1960-1990 Volume Two. Jerusalem: Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane. pp. 452–453. ISBN 978-965-7044-06-3.
One of the great deficiencies in yeshiva students is their absorption with depth of study to the exclusion of quantity. Thus, after many years of study they are shockingly ignorant of huge amounts of Talmud. At the same time there is a vast ignorance of the practical halachic rulings in everyday life.
Sources
edit- The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry William B. Helmreich, KTAV Publishing House; ISBN 0-88125-641-2; Augmented edition (February 2000)
- The way we were before our destruction: Lives of Jewish students from Vilna who perished during the Holocaust Yulian I. Rafes, VIA Press ; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research; ISBN 1-885563-06-X; (July 1, 1998)