Kumaso

The Kumaso (熊襲) were a mythical people of ancient Japan mentioned in the Kojiki,^[1]^[2] believed to have lived in the south of Kyūshū^[3] until at least the Nara period. The last leader of the Kumaso, Torishi-Kaya was killed by Yamato Takeru in 397. The name of Kumamoto Prefecture originates from the Kumaso people.

Hypothesized Origin

Scholars, such as Kakubayashi Fumio, "although information is extremely limited" concluded that they were of Austronesian origin based on some linguistic and cultural evidence, theorising that the word kaya, present in personal names or titles, such as Torishi-Kaya, has the same root as Tagalog "kaya", meaning "ability; capability; competence; resources; wealth" and Malay and Indonesian "kaya", meaning "rich, wealthy, having wealth". The So present in Kumaso was also theorised to have the same origins as tsuo, tsau, thau, sau, tau, tao supposedly meaning "people" in Austronesian languages.^[4] Alexander Vovin defended that the question of whether the Kumaso language was not Japonic is moot because not a single word of it is attested.^[5] Him and Mark Hudson also theorised there is a probability that the Kumaso and the Hayato represented the same ethnic group.^[6]

Overview

William George Aston, in his translation of the Nihongi, says Kumaso refers to two separate tribes, Kuma (meaning "bear") and So (written with the character for "attack" or "layer on").^[3] In his translation of the Kojiki, Basil Hall Chamberlain records that the region is also known simply as So district, and elaborates on the Yamato-centric description of a "bear-like" people, based on their violent interactions or physical distinctiveness.^[7] (The people called tsuchigumo by the Yamato people provide a better-known example of the transformation of other tribes into legendary monsters. Tsuchigumo—the monstrous "ground spider" of legend—is speculated to refer originally to the native pit dwellings of that people.)

Geographically, Aston records that the Kumaso domain encompassed the historical provinces of Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma (contemporaneous with Aston's translation), or present-day Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures.

The last leader of the Kumaso, Torishi-Kaya, aka Brave of Kahakami, was assassinated in the winter of 397 by Prince Yamato Takeru of Yamato,^[8] who was disguised for this as a woman at a banquet.

Legacy

The word Kuma ('Bear') survives today as Kumamoto Prefecture ('source of the bear'), and Kuma District, Kumamoto. Kuma District is known for a distinct dialect, Kuma Dialect.

People of the Kumaso mentioned in the Nihongi

Torishi-Kaya (aka Brave of Kahakami): a leader of the Kumaso^[9]
Atsukaya: a leader of the Kumaso^[10]
Sakaya: a leader of the Kumaso^[11]
Ichi-fukaya: Emperor Keikō married her 82 AD and in the same year put her to death, since she was involved in the assassination which killed her father.^[12]
Ichi-kaya: younger sister of Ichi-fukaya^[13]

References

^ 角林, 文雄「隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族」、『京都産業大学日本文化研究所紀要』第3号、京都産業大学、1998年3月、 ISSN 13417207
^ Kidder, Jonathan Edward (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824830359.
^ ^a ^b Aston, W. G. (1896). "Book VII" . Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 . Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 192, note 3 – via Wikisource. The country of the Kumaso was the southern part of the island of Kiushiu corresponding to the present provinces of Hiuga, Ohosumi, and Satsuma. Kuma and So are the names of two tribes. [scan ]
^ Kakubayashi, Fumio. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan.'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15-31 ISSN 1341-7207
^ "Contents", Handbook of Historical Japanese Linguistics, De Gruyter, p. 59, 2024-03-18, ISBN 978-1-61451-285-1, retrieved 2024-11-23
^ "Frontmatter", Ruins of Identity, University of Hawaii Press, pp. i–iv, 2017-12-31, ISBN 978-0-8248-6419-4, retrieved 2024-11-23
^ Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1882). "Sect. V" . Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters . Asiatic Society of Japan. p. 23, note 17 – via Wikisource. Toyo means "luxuriant" or "fertile." Hi appears to signify "fire" or "sun." Kumaso is properly a compound, Kuma-so, as the district is often mentioned by the simple name of So. Kuma signifies "bear," and Motowori suggests that the use of the name of this the fiercest of beasts as a prefix may be traced to the evil reputation of that part of the country for robbers and outlaws. He quotes similar compounds with kuma in support of this view. [scan ]
http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj012.htm#fn_173
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 200ff. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 201. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6
^ Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[1] 角林, 文雄「隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族」、『京都産業大学日本文化研究所紀要』第3号、京都産業大学、1998年3月、 ISSN 13417207

[2] Kidder, Jonathan Edward (2007). Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824830359.

[nihongi_viii_p192_n3-3] Aston, W. G. (1896). "Book VII" . Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 . Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 192, note 3 – via Wikisource. The country of the Kumaso was the southern part of the island of Kiushiu corresponding to the present provinces of Hiuga, Ohosumi, and Satsuma. Kuma and So are the names of two tribes. [scan ]

[4] Kakubayashi, Fumio. 隼人 : オーストロネシア系の古代日本部族' Hayato : An Austronesian speaking tribe in southern Japan.'. The bulletin of the Institute for Japanese Culture, Kyoto Sangyo University, 3, pp.15-31 ISSN 1341-7207

[5] "Contents", Handbook of Historical Japanese Linguistics, De Gruyter, p. 59, 2024-03-18, ISBN 978-1-61451-285-1, retrieved 2024-11-23

[6] "Frontmatter", Ruins of Identity, University of Hawaii Press, pp. i–iv, 2017-12-31, ISBN 978-0-8248-6419-4, retrieved 2024-11-23

[kojiki_v_p23_n17-7] Chamberlain, Basil Hall (1882). "Sect. V" . Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters . Asiatic Society of Japan. p. 23, note 17 – via Wikisource. Toyo means "luxuriant" or "fertile." Hi appears to signify "fire" or "sun." Kumaso is properly a compound, Kuma-so, as the district is often mentioned by the simple name of So. Kuma signifies "bear," and Motowori suggests that the use of the name of this the fiercest of beasts as a prefix may be traced to the evil reputation of that part of the country for robbers and outlaws. He quotes similar compounds with kuma in support of this view. [scan ]
http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/kj/kj012.htm#fn_173

[8] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 200ff. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[9] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 201. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[10] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[11] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 195. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[12] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

[13] Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, translated from the original Chinese and Japanese by William George Aston. Book VII, page 196. Tuttle Publishing. Tra edition (July 2005). First edition published 1972. ISBN 978-0-8048-3674-6

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