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Kunqu

Kunqu (Chinese: 崑曲), also known as Kunju (崑劇), K'un-ch'ü, Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from a music style local to Kunshan, part of the Wu cultural area, and later came to dominate Chinese theater from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It has been listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[1] Wei Liangfu [zh] refined the musical style of kunqu,[2] and it gained widespread popularity when Liang Chenyu used the style in his drama Huansha ji (Washing Silken Gauze).[3] In 2006, it was listed on the first national intangible cultural heritage list. In 2008, it was included in the List of Representative Works of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In December 2018, the General Office of the Ministry of Education announced that Peking University is the base for inheriting excellent traditional Chinese culture in Kunqu.[4]

A scene from The Peony Pavilion
Kunqu
Traditional Chinese崑曲
Simplified Chinese昆曲
Literal meaning"Kunshan Melody"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinKūnqǔ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhKuencheu
Wade–GilesK'un1-ch'ü3
IPA[kʰwə́n.tɕʰỳ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationKwānkūk
JyutpingKwan1 Kuk1
IPA[kʷʰɐn˥.kʰʊk̚˥]
Southern Min
Tâi-lôKhun-khik

Kunqu takes drum and board to control the rhythm of singing, with Qu flute, three strings and so on as the main accompanying instrument; its singing pronunciation is "Zhongzhou Rhyme."

History

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Gu Jian, allegedly a transmitter of the Kunshan music in the Yuan dynasty

Kunqu refers to Kunshan tune (昆山腔, Kūnshān qiāng), a repertory of songs and performances from Kunshan in Suzhou. The Kunshan tune is often believed to have been developed during the Ming Dynasty by Wei Liangfu [zh] (魏良輔), who was from the port of Taicang.[5] A more recent discovery, however, suggests that Kunshan tune was introduced in the late Yuan dynasty by Gu Jian (顾坚), who developed an early form of Kunqu with a group of musicians in Kunshan.[6] Wei modified Kunshan tune with songs of Haiyan (海鹽) near Hangzhou and Yiyang (弋陽) of Jiangxi; he also combined nanxi rhythms, which often used flute, with the northern zaju style, where plucked string instruments were preferred. The resultant elegant Kunshan tunes are often called "water mill" tunes (水磨調, shuimo diao).[7]

 
Kunqu performance at the Peking University

Kunqu operas are chuanqi-style operas but incorporating Kunshan tune throughout. An opera, Washing Silken Gauze (浣紗記, Huan Sha Ji) written by a Kunshan native Liang Chenyu (梁辰魚), has been described as the first Kunqu opera. The story of Washing Silken Gauze was based on Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, and the use of elegant "water mill" tunes in the opera earned it wide praise from scholars.[7] Kunqu operas then became popular throughout China, and the emergence of Kunqu is said to have ushered in a "second Golden Era of Chinese drama."

The most famous Kunqu opera is The Peony Pavilion written by Tang Xianzu in the Ming dynasty. Other important works include The Palace of Eternal Life written by Hong Sheng, and The Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren written in the early Qing period.[8]</ref> The operas were not necessarily performed in full, but may be performed as excerpts or highlights (折子戲, zhézixì), which became the norm by 1760s and over 400 pieces of these were known.[9]

 
A Kunqu performer's portrayal of Hu Sanniang

Kunqu performance influenced the performance of many other styles of Chinese musical theater, including Peking opera, which contains much Kunqu repertoire. Kunqu was referred to as Yabu (雅部, "elegant drama"), and it came under competition from a variety of operas (e.g. Shaanxi Opera, Clapper Opera, Yiyang tunes, Peking Opera, etc.) termed Huabu (花部, "flowery drama"), and as a result, Kunqu troupes experienced a commercial decline in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the elite tried to re-establish Kunqu, and the Academy was founded in 1921 to train performers.[10]</ref> It was later subsidized by the Communist state, but like most traditional forms of Chinese opera, Kunqu was banned during the Cultural Revolution. Kunqu began to revive by the mid-1990s, and it was then declared a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001, and received generous support by the government, and experienced a great increase in popularity by 2004.[11]

Today, Kunqu is professionally performed in seven major Mainland Chinese cities: Beijing (Northern Kunqu Theater), Shanghai (Shanghai Kunqu Theater), Suzhou (Suzhou Kunqu Theater), Nanjing (Jiangsu Province Kun Opera), Chenzhou (Hunan Kunqu Theater), Yongjia County/Wenzhou (Yongjia Kunqu Theater) and Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province Kunqu Theater), as well as in Taipei. Non-professional opera societies are active in many other cities in China and abroad, and opera companies occasionally tour.

In 1919 Mei Lanfang and Han Shichang, renowned performers of Kunqu, traveled to Japan to give performances. In the 1930s, Mei performed Kunqu in the United States and the Soviet Union and was well received.[12]

Its melody or tune is one of the Four Great Characteristic Melodies in Chinese opera.

In 2006, Zhou Bing acted as a producer and art director for Kunqu (Kun Opera) of sexcentenary. It won Outstanding Documentary Award of 24th China TV Golden Eagle Awards; it won Award of TV Art Features of 21st Starlight Award for 2006.

Kunqu Opera is a rarity in the traditional culture and art of the Han nationality in China, especially in the art of opera. It is called an "orchid" in the hundred gardens.

Kunqu Opera is a blend of singing, dancing and martial arts. It is known for its elegant lyrics, graceful style and delicate performance. It is one of the operas under the Southern Opera system, known as the "ancestor of hundred operas." Kunqu Opera uses drum and plate to control the rhythm of singing, and Qudi and three-stringed instruments as the main accompaniment instruments. Its pronunciation is "Zhongzhou rhyme."

Recognition

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Kunqu Opera was listed as a masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001, and was included in the Masterpiece of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008.[13][14][15]

In December 2018, the General Office of the Ministry of Education announced Peking University as the base of Kunqu Opera excellent traditional Chinese Culture Inheritance.[4]

Kunqu opera was showcased in the 2019 Chinese Opera Culture Week on Oct 2, 2019.

Characteristics

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Kunqu Opera is characterized by the character line cavity, cavity with the character walk. Singing also has a certain cavity, different from other operas can be given free play according to the individual conditions of the actors. Instead, there are four strict determinations: tone, cavity, plate and spectrum.[clarification needed]

The main difference between Nankun and Beikun is not the geographical location of the troupe, but whether the music is southern or northern. Kunqu Qupai music can be divided into vocal qupai and instrumental Qupai according to its different uses.

The biggest feature of Kunqu opera performance is strong lyricism, delicate movements, and the combination of singing and dancing is ingenious and harmonious. Kunqu opera is a comprehensive art of song, dance, mediation, and white performance, and the performance characteristics of singing and dancing have been formed in the long-term performance history, especially reflected in the performance body of each character, and its dance body can be roughly divided into two types: one is the auxiliary posture when speaking and the dance of rewriting the intention developed by gestures; One is a lyrical dance with singing lyrics, which is not only a superb dance move, but also an effective means to express the character's character and the meaning of the lyrics.

The opera dance of Kunqu Opera has absorbed and inherited the traditions of ancient folk dance and court dance, and has accumulated rich experience in the close integration of rap and dance through long-term stage performance practice. To meet the needs of the performance venue of narrative writing, many dance performances that focus on description are created, and cooperate with "drama" to become a folding drama with a strong story. Adapted to the needs of the performance venue with strong lyricism and movement, many lyrical dance performances have been created, which have become the main performance means of many single-fold lyric song and dance.

The Nianbai of Kunqu Opera is also very characteristic, because Kunqu Opera was developed from Wuzhong, so its voice has the characteristics of Wu Nong soft language. Among them, Harlequin also has a local white based on the Wu dialect, such as Su Bai, Yangzhou Bai, etc. This market language in the Wuzhong area, has a strong sense of life, and often uses Allegro-style rhyme white, which is very distinctive. In addition, the singing of Kunqu opera has extremely strict specifications for the sound of words, lines, rhythm, etc., forming a complete singing theory.

Industry

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Kunqu opera is divided into three categories: sinian horn, fresh horn and pure clown.[16]

Because the early Kun opera belongs to the Southern Opera system, it inherits the role industry system of the Southern Opera, and simultaneously absorbs the long of the Northern Zaju, taking the basic roles of Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mei, Chou, outer and paste seven acts.[16]

Huan Sha Ji,[17] an early work, reflects the character branch method in the early stage of Kun Opera. In addition to following the seven lines of Southern Opera, it also borrowed the setting method of Xiao Mei and Xiao Dan in Yuan Zaju,[18] and added five lines of Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, Xiao Mei, Xiao Wai and Xiao Jing, a total of twelve lines.

During the boom of Kun opera in the late Ming Dynasty, in the Ming edition of the legend of Mohan Zhai, the original "tie" was changed to "Old Dan," which also absorbed the branch method of Zaju in the Yuan Dynasty. Other roles are basically the same as Kun opera in the early period. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, The role industry of Kun opera basically maintained the system of "twelve characters in rivers and lakes."

During the reign of Qianlong, Kunqu Opera was the most popular, the performing arts were further improved, and new breakthroughs were made in the role industry system for characterizing characters.

With the development of performing arts, the division of roles in Kun opera has become more and more detailed. Between Jia and Dao, the role industry of Kun opera combines the original "twelve roles in rivers and lakes" with the later more detailed division of labor. Under the five lines of "Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo and Chou,"[19] there are twenty smaller lines, called "twenty doors."

Traditional Kun opera professional class clubs usually only have 18 actors, commonly known as "18 nets," while only a few large class clubs have 27 actors. General class club as long as ten doors complete, can perform, other roles can be replaced by close to the door of the actor, the ten basic door is known as the "ten court column," they are: net, official health, cloth health, old age, end, Zhengdan, five Dan, six Dan, vice, ugly.[16] Some of the most readily recognizable qualities of performance are: net, old, official students, Zhengdan four doors.

Each line of Kun opera has developed its own set of procedures and techniques in performance. These stylized action language has formed a complete and unique performance system of Kunqu Opera in terms of characterizing characters, expressing characters' psychological states, rendering drama and enhancing appeal.

Stage art

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It includes three aspects: rich clothing styles, exquisite colors and decorations, and the use of faces [zh].

In addition to inheriting the costume styles of opera characters since the Yuan and Ming dynasties, some costumes of Kunqu opera are very similar to the clothes that were popular in society at that time. Reflected in the play, military generals have their own uniforms, and civil officials also have a variety of clothes according to the class hierarchy of feudal society. Facebook is used for the two lines of net and ugly.[clarification needed] Very few characters belonging to Sheng and Dan are also used by chance, such as Monkey King (生) and Zhong Wuyan (Dan), and the colors are basically red, white, and black.

After years of running-in processing, Kunqu opera art has formed a fairly perfect system, and this system has long occupied a dominant position in Chinese opera, so Kunqu opera art is revered as the "ancestor of a hundred operas," which has a profound impact on the development of the entire opera, and many local operas have absorbed its artistic nutrients to varying degrees, among which there are still some Kunqu operas.

Significance

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Kunqu Opera is the oldest existing drama form in China with a complete performance system, which has had a profound influence on later Chinese operas.

Chinese opera has been spreading on the stage since its formation. With the change of time, the script, the voice and the performance are constantly changing. Kunqu Opera, on the other hand, is known as a "living fossil" with less changes and more traditional features of traditional operas. It is the only one of the three ancient operas in the world that has been preserved so far. It is also the representative of the traditional culture and art of the Han nationality.

By region

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Due to the extensive performance activities of Kunban, in the last years of Wanli, Kunqu opera was introduced to Beijing and Hunan through Yangzhou, ranking first among all voices and becoming the standard singing tone of legendary scripts: "Four Square Songs Must Zong Wumen." At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Kunqu opera spread to Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangdong, and developed into a national drama. The singing of Kunqu opera was originally based on the Wu language pronunciation of Suzhou, but after it was introduced to various places, it was combined with local dialects and folk music to derive many genres, forming a rich and colorful Kunqu opera cavity system, and becoming a representative opera of the whole nation. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the development of Kunqu opera entered its heyday, and since then Kunqu opera has begun to dominate the pear garden, which has lasted for six or seven hundred years, becoming the oldest existing form of opera with a long tradition in China and even the world.[20]

The Kunshan singing began to spread its area, initially limited to the Suzhou area, and during the Wanli period, it expanded to the south of the Yangtze River and north of the Qiantang River with Suzhou as the center, and also flowed into Beijing at the end of the Wanli period. In the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor loved Kunqu opera, which made it even more popular. In this way, the Kunshan singing became the most influential vocal cavity drama from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Fujian

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Ming Wanli period (1573-1619) before the introduction to Fujian.[clarify] The earliest recorded introduction of Kunshan dialect into Fujian was in 1574. Kunqu Opera is widely distributed in Fujian, and has had some influence on local operas in Fujian more or less, directly or indirectly. In the Confucian drama founded by Cao Xuefu [zh] at the end of Ming Dynasty, the main vocal cavity, "Douqiang," contains the components of Kunshan dialect. For example, the representative opera "Ziyuchai," the main tune is "13 tunes." Kunqu Opera also appears in the folk form of sitting and singing. Qing Qianlong 35 years (1770),Jian'ou County established the "Zhai Ya Lin Qu Society", learn to sing Kunqiang, commonly known as "singing a big tune".[clarify]

Zhejiang

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Kunqu Opera, commonly known as "Cao Kun" and "Jin Kun," is a Kunqu opera spread in the Jinhua area of Zhejiang. It is called "Cao Kun" because of its simplification or change of local customs in language and melody. Because of the long-term floating performances in rural grasslands and temple fairs, farmers as the main audience, the language is more popular, the pursuit of plot twists and turns, singing tone is not rigidly four-tone style, mainly performing martial arts, work drama.[clarify] Since the Ming Dynasty, it has been regarded as the authentic opera of Wu opera. In fact, Kunqu Opera is a tributary of Quzhou and Jinhua.

Performers

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Notable works

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References

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  1. ^ "Kun Qu Opera". UNESCO Cultural Sector - Intangible Heritage.
  2. ^ Swatek, Catherine (January 2010). Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957419-3. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  3. ^ Swatek, Catherine (January 2005). Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860174-6. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b "文化和旅游部办公厅关于公布国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目保护单位名单的通知". zwgk.mct.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  5. ^ Wei, Liangfu. 南詞引正.
  6. ^ Lam 2022, pp. 63–65.
  7. ^ a b Fu 2012, pp. 48–50.
  8. ^ Fu 2012, pp. 52–58.
  9. ^ Lam 2022, p. 69.
  10. ^ Lam 2022, pp. 70–71.
  11. ^ Lam 2022, p. 72.
  12. ^ "Kunqu | Chinese theatre". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  13. ^ "40年，从自觉到自信！非遗为民族立魂、为生活点睛". www.mct.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  14. ^ "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity: Proclamations 2001, 2003 and 2005". UNESCO Digital Library. UNESCO. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  15. ^ "申遗之路：传承中国文化记忆--新闻报道-人民网". cpc.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  16. ^ a b c "昆曲的行当". www.kunqu.org. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  17. ^ "昆剧《浣纱记》跨时空"穿越"". www.suzhou.gov.cn.
  18. ^ "元杂剧概述". www.3233.cn.
  19. ^ "昆曲的行当". www.kunqu.org.
  20. ^ The Explanation of the Pear Garden (from the Chinese Dictionary)https://www.zdic.net/hans/梨园

Bibliography

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  • Xiao Li (2005). Chinese Kunqu Opera. Translated by Li Li and Liping Zhang. Long River Press. ISBN 1-59265-062-7.
  • Lam, Joseph Sui Ching (2022). Kunqu: A Classical Opera of Twenty-first-century China. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789888754328.
  • Fu, Jin (2012). Chinese Theatre. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521186667.
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