Lenape canoes were dugout canoes of Lenapehoking. Tree trunks used were primarily of the American tulip tree (Delaware: mùxulhemënshi, "tree from which canoes are made"), and also of elm, white oak, chestnut or red cedar. Birch bark canoes were not used in the region.[1]
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Design
editMost examples were vessels intended for inland or harbor waters, of different sizes: mahelo possibly denoted a larger type, and amochol a smaller type.[2][3] Some larger canoes are depicted in early Dutch illustrations with prow and stern extensions, possibly for tying up with hemp dogbane,[2] though these depictions may be inaccurate.[4] Lenape canoes were related to the mishoon dugouts of southern New England. Peter Lindeström recorded a kind of double-hulled catamaran among Lenape at New Sweden capable of travelling to New England or Virginia.[5][6]
Colonial interactions
editGiovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 and Henry Hudson in 1609 were both met in New York Bay by an assembly of about 30 Lenape canoes.
Both dugout and birch bark canoe designs were copied by European settlers for local use.
In the early 18th century, according to the testimony of Abraham Houpt, Robert Durham of Durham Furnace developed the Durham boat based on an indigenous design,[7][8][9][10][11] originally meant to haul pig iron down Scotts Creek through the Delaware to Philadelphia, and most famously used in George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River in 1776.[12][13]
Legacy
editA preserved canoe in the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian was excavated from the Hackensack River by Frank Speck,[14] and the institution also has a Lenape-attributed canoe paddle from Burlington County, New Jersey.[15] The Bergen County Historical Society also claims to have an indigenous canoe from the Hackensack area.[16] Another possibly indigenous canoe is in the American Museum of Natural History, excavated by New York Edison workers in 1906 from Manhattan's Cherry Street,[17][18] though a later report describing its shape and repair with "rose-headed" hand wrought nails may exclude this.[19] A dugout found at Wallenpaupack Creek in 1957 and on display at the Wallenpaupack Historical Society is likely too young to be of indigenous origin.[20]
A 1996 Lenapehoking Festival pow wow at Sandy Hook in New Jersey included a canoe race starting at Red Bank's Oyster Point.[21] Since 2002, the Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania has held the Rising Nation River Journey by canoe trip along the Delaware every four years, to commemorate the Treaty of Shackamaxon and to raise awareness for state recognition.[22] The legacy of Lenape canoes is celebrated at the Whitehall Crossing, a 2005 permanent installation of stylized benches at the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal in New York City. A 2019 living history canoe ride by the Bronx River Alliance also commemorated this heritage.[23]
References
edit- ^ "Official Site of the Delaware Tribe of Indians » Lenape Canoes". Retrieved 2022-01-31.
- ^ a b DeVillo, Stephen Paul (2015-05-11). The Bronx River in History & Folklore. Arcadia Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-62585-490-2.
- ^ "The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View - boat; canoe". talk-lenape.org. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ^ Kraft, Herbert C. (1984). The Lenape Indian: A Symposium. Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University. p. 6.
- ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1917). Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists: Held at Washington, December 27-31, 1915. International Congress of Americanists. p. 280.
- ^ Lindestrom, Peter (1925). Geographaia Americae With An Account of the Delaware Indians Based on Surveys and Notes Made in 1654-1656. p. 237.
- ^ "DURHAM BOATS WERE KEY TO TWO RIVERS ECONOMY". The Morning Call. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Davis, William Watts Hart (1876). The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time. Democrat Book and Job Office Print. p. 646.
- ^ Davis, William Watts Hart (1905). History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania: From the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 141.
- ^ Forges and Furnaces in the Province of Pennsylvania. National Society of the Colonial Dames of America. 1914. p. 51.
- ^ Neal, Harry Edward (1967). The Pennsylvania Colony. Hawthorn Books. p. 91.
- ^ Taggart, Robert (1983). Evolution of the Vessels Engaged in the Waterborne Commerce of the United States. National Waterways Study, U.S. Army Engineer Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources. p. 91.
- ^ Tunis, Edwin (2002). The Tavern at the Ferry. JHU Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8018-6931-0.
- ^ "Canoe | National Museum of the American Indian". americanindian.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
- ^ "Canoe paddle | National Museum of the American Indian". americanindian.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ^ "Hackensack Indian Dugout canoe | Museum Collections". New Bridge Landing. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ "Dug Up an Indian Canoe; Buried Many Feet Under Cherry Street and Found by Workmen". The New York Times. 1906-07-16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ Guide Leaflet Series. The Museum. 1910.
- ^ Brose, David. "Cherry Street NYC Dugout".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Research reveals secrets about canoe on display in Pike County". wnep.com. August 18, 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Demasters, Karen (1996-09-29). "After 300 Years, Lenape Return to Sandy Hook". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ^ "'We just want to be welcomed back': The Lenape seek a return home". WHYY. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Diaz, Clarisa (2019-10-30). "Experience A 16th-Century Indigenous Living Village And Canoe Ride In The Bronx". Gothamist. Retrieved 2022-02-01.