Sir Leon Simon CB (11 July 1881 – 27 April 1965) was a leading British Zionist intellectual and civil servant who took part in the drafting of the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and served on the Zionist Commission with Chaim Weizmann.[1] An advocate of cultural Zionism and the revival of Hebrew language, Simon was a scholar and translator of Ahad Ha'am, and produced the first modern Hebrew translations of Plato.[2] He served as the Chairman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem’s Executive Council, and from 1949–50 as the university's President.[3]
Leon Simon | |
|---|---|
אריה (לאון) סימון | |
 Simon in 1911 | |
| Born | 11 July 1881 |
| Died | 27 April 1965 (aged 83) |
| Nationality | British, Israeli |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, Oxford |
| Occupation | Civil servant |
| Years active | 1904–1949 |
| Known for | Cultural Zionist, writer, Hebrew scholar, political activist |
| Spouse |
Ellen Simon (m. 1916) |
Early life
editSimon was the son of Rabbi Isadore Simon of the South Manchester Synagogue and Kitty Avner, both of whom had moved to Britain in the late 19th century from Lithuania.[4] He studied at Manchester Grammar School and read Greats at Balliol College at the University of Oxford.[2]
In Manchester he became a core part of a group of young anglicised Jewish intellectuals that congregated around Chaim Weizmann.[4] The group included the journalist Harry Sacher, Samuel Landman, Israel Sieff and Simon Marks of Marks & Spencer. All of them had studied at Manchester Grammar School.[4]
The group were members of the Manchester Zionist Association, where Simon and his brother Maurice Simon would hold discussions in Hebrew.[5] Charles Dreyfus, Weizmann's employer in Manchester, was the President of the Society.[6]
Simon edited the newspaper "The Zionist Banner" with Sacher and the monthly journal "Palestine".[7]
In 1904 Simon joined the General Post Office and rose to become Director of Telegraphs and Telephones and later Director of Savings.[8] He was made CB in 1931[9] and was knighted in 1944.[10] He married Ellen Umanski, (later called by the name Lady Ellen Simon), and they had two daughters.[11][12]
Cultural Zionist
editUnder the influence of Chaim Weizmann, whose family had immigrated from Belarus to Manchester, Simon belonged to the first generation of leading British Jews who preferred Zionism to conventional religiosity and who pressed for Hebrew to supplant Yiddish as the main language of the diaspora.[4]
Simon came under the influence of Ahad Ha'am (Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg), a leading figure of cultural Zionism, and went on to translate many of his works into English[13] as well as writing his biography.[14]
Language revival
editHe also wrote the first translations into modern Hebrew of John Stuart Mill's Essay on Liberty, and of several of Plato's Dialogues, work for which he received the Tchernichovsky Prize.[15]
Balfour Declaration
editA draft of the Balfour Declaration, written by Simon on paper of London's Imperial Hotel on July 17, 1917 was auctioned off in 2005 through Sotheby's for $884,000 US in New York. It is the only known surviving handwritten draft of the declaration.[16]
The draft of the declaration noted down by Simon read:
"H(is) M(ajesty's) G(overnment) accepts the principle that P(alestine) should be reconstituted as the Nat(ional) Home of the J(ewish) P(eople). HMG will use its best efforts to secure the achievement of this object, and will discuss the necessary methods and means with the Z(ionist) O(rganization)."[16]
Simon accompanied Weizmann as a member of the Zionist Commission alongside Israel Sieff, M. D. Eder and others in 1918 to begin talks with the government of David Lloyd George on the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine.
Career
editFrom 1946 to 1953 Simon lived in Jerusalem where he served as Chair of the Executive Council of the Hebrew University and from 1949-50 as its President, preceded by Judah Leon Magnes and followed by Selig Brodetsky (1949-1952).[17] He also served as President of Israel Postal Company Bank.[18]
Published works
editSimon wrote several works on Zionism, including Zionism and the Jewish Problem published in 1917 and Studies in Jewish Nationalism published in 1920. A collection of his papers are held at Duke University.[19]
Works
edit- Zionism and the Jewish Problem (1917)
- "Studies in Jewish Nationalism" (1920)
- Ahad Ha-Am (1927, Biography)
- Synopsis of the Haskalah Movement (1934)
- The Elements of Zionism for Young Zionists (1934)[20]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history". The Independent. 26 May 2005.
- ^ a b Comay, Joan (2002). Routledge who's who in Jewish history : after the period of the Old Testament (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 362. ISBN 9780415260305.
- ^ "Chairman of Board of Governors of Hebrew University Reveals Plans for Expansion". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21 August 1949.
- ^ a b c d "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Manchester School".
- ^ "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Leon Locker".
- ^ Halpern, Ben (1987). A clash of heroes--Brandeis, Weizmann, and American Zionism ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0195040623.
- ^ "Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester - Harry Sacher".
- ^ Rubinstein, William D.; Jolles, Michael A.; Rubinstein, Hilary L., eds. (2011). The Palgrave dictionary of Anglo-Jewish history. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 636. ISBN 9781403939104.
- ^ "Jews in the Honours List, Knighthoods for Lion Simon and Montague Burton: Distinctions for Albert Hy". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 3 June 1931.
- ^ "Review of the Year: Appendices (1944-1945) - AJC Archives" (PDF).
- ^ "British Jewry Birth & Marriage Records".
- ^ Lyon, Meghan (13 February 2014). "David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University".
- ^ "Selected Essays by Ahad Ha-am". Academic Studies Press. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Ahad Ha-am : Asher Ginzberg : a Biography" (PDF). Varda Books.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Collection of Documents from the Estate of Sir Aryeh (Leon) Simon". Kedem Auction House.
- ^ a b "Draft of 1917 Balfour Declaration Sells at Auction for $900,000". Haaretz.com.
- ^ "Office of the President".
- ^ "Sir Leon Simon - Person". National Portrait Gallery, London.
- ^ Leon Simon letters, 1915-1916, 1918, Duke University Library. 1915.
- ^ "Collection of bibliography of Leon Simon". google.com.