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Italian lira

(Redirected from Lire (Italy))

The lira (/ˈlɪərə/ LEER-ə, Italian: [ˈliːra]; pl.: lire, /ˈlɪəreɪ/ LEER-eh, Italian: [ˈliːre])[1] was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002. It was introduced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1807 at par with the French franc, and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. It was subdivided into 100 centesimi (sg.: centesimo), which means "hundredths" or "cents". The lira was also the currency of the Albanian Kingdom from 1941 to 1943.

Italian lira
Lira italiana (Italian)
Italian banknotes ranging from 2,000 to 500,000 lire1,000 lire coin (1997)
ISO 4217
CodeITL
Unit
PluralLire
Symbol₤‎ None official (see § Notation and symbols)
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100Centesimo
(withdrawn after World War II)
Plural
 CentesimoCentesimi
Banknotes
 Freq. used1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000 lire
 Rarely used20,000, 500,000 lire
Coins
 Freq. used50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 lire
 Rarely used1 lira, 2, 5, 10, 20 lire
Demographics
User(s)None, previously:

Kingdom of Albania (1939–43)
 San Marino (local issue: Sammarinese lira)

 Vatican City (local issue: Vatican lira)
Issuance
Central bankBanca d'Italia
 Websitewww.bancaditalia.it
PrinterIstituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
 Websitewww.ipzs.it
MintIstituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato
 Websitewww.ipzs.it
Valuation
Inflation2.3% (2001)
EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Since13 March 1989, 25 November 1996
Withdrawn17 September 1992
Fixed rate since31 December 1998
Replaced by euro, non cash1 January 1999
Replaced by euro, cash1 March 2002
1 € =Lit 1,936.27
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

The term originates from libra, the largest unit of the Carolingian monetary system used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.[2] The Carolingian system is the origin of the French livre tournois (predecessor of the franc), the Italian lira, and the pound unit of sterling and related currencies.

In 1999, the euro became Italy's unit of account and the lira became a national subunit of the euro at a rate of €1 = Lit 1,936.27, before being replaced as cash in 2002.

History

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See also: History of coins in Italy

Etymology

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See also: French franc § History, and £sd

The Carolingian monetary system divided the libra into 20 solidi (sg.: solidus) or 240 denarii (sg.: denarius). These units translate in Italian to lira, soldo and denaro; in French to livre, sou and denier; and in English to pound, shilling and penny.

In France, the "franc" referred to a coin worth one livre tournois. This term was also adopted in various Gallo-Italic languages in north-western Italy to refer to the Italian lira.[3]

Notation and symbols

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There was no standard sign or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations Lit. (standing for Lira italiana) and L. (standing for Lira) and the signs ₤ or £ were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the Bank of Italy,[4] often used Lit.[5][6] and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.[7] Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤",[8][9] while coins used "L."[10][11] Italian postage stamps mostly used the word lire in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used "L."

The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire).

The ISO 4217 currency code for the lira was ITL.

The Unicode CJK Compatibility block includes square versions of currency names in Japanese katakana for compatibility with earlier character sets which would display them in tables or vertical writing. Thus, U+3352 ㍒ SQUARE RIRA stands for リラ rira. It is not intended for use in new applications.

Introduction of the lira

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See also: History of coins in Italy
 
Silver 1 lira of King Vittorio Emanuele II, 1863

The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy introduced the Italian lira in 1807 at par with the French franc, worth 4.5 grams of fine silver or 0.29032 gram of fine gold (gold-silver ratio 15.5). Despite the kingdom's fall in 1814, this new lira eventually replaced the currencies of the different Italian states until their unification in 1861, replacing, among others:

In 1865, Italy formed part of the Latin Monetary Union in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the French, Belgian and Swiss francs. The U.S. dollar was worth approximately 5.18 Italian lire until 1914.

20th century

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World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising several fold in Italy. Inflation was curbed somewhat by Mussolini, who, on 18 August 1926, announced a new exchange rate between the lira and sterling of £1 = Lit 92.46 (the so-called Quota 90) although the free exchange rate had been closer to Lit 140–150 to the pound, causing a temporary deflation and widespread problems in the real economy. In 1927, the lira was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of $1 = Lit 19. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate "tourist" rate of $1 = Lit 24.89 being established in 1936. In 1939, the "official" rate was Lit 19.80.

After the Allied invasion of Italy, an exchange rate was set at $1 = Lit 120 (£1 = Lit 480) in June 1943, reduced to Lit 100 the following month. In German-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = Lit 10. After the war, the value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of $1 = Lit 575 within the Bretton Woods System in November 1947. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to $1 = Lit 625 on 21 September 1949. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s. Several episodes of high inflation followed until the introduction of the euro.

Lira pesante

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Due to the lira's low value after the war economic calculations and price displays became unwieldy because of the large number of zeroes. As early as the 1950s suggestions were made to redenominate the lira but no serious efforts were made at that time. In the 1970s a plan known as lira pesante [it] (English: hard lira) or lira nuova (new lira) was proposed. The lira pesante would have redenominated the currency at 1,000:1, removing 3 zeroes. However the project went dormant for several years before being revived in 1984. Ongoing heavy inflation saw the lira pesante pushed back until it was permanently abandoned in 1991 because of plans for a single European currency.

Introduction of the euro

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The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (the lira was officially a national subunit of the euro until the rollout of euro coins and notes in 2002). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002. The conversion rate was Lit 1,936.27 to the euro.[13]

All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, and all post-World War II coins, were exchanged by the Bank of Italy up to 6 December 2011. Originally, Italy's central bank pledged to redeem Italian coins and banknotes until 29 February 2012, but this was brought forward to 6 December 2011.

Coins

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Main article: Coins of the Italian lira

Napoleonic lira, 1807–1814

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Silver 1 Lira depicting Napoleon I, 1812

The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy issued coins between 1807 and 1813 in denominations of 1 and 3 centesimi and 1 soldo (5 centesimi) in copper, c.10 in 20% silver alloy, s.5, s.10 and s.15 (or c.25, c.50 and c.75 centesimi), 1 lira, 2 lire and 5 lire in 90% silver and 20 lire and 40 lire in 90% gold. All except the c.10 bore a portrait of Napoleon I, with the denominations below 1 lira also showing a radiate crown and the higher denominations, a shield representing the various constituent territories of the Kingdom.

Between the Restoration and the Risorgimento, 1814–1861

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Silver 1 Lira depicting Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, 1815

After the end of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, the lira remained present only in the Duchy of Parma and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. The lira of Parma was introduced by Duchess Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, who issued coin denominations of 1, 3, 5, 25, 50 cents and 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire,[14] while gold coins of 10, 50, 80 and 100 lire were also minted from the Piedmont-Sardinia lira introduced by Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy.[15]

Kingdom of Italy, 1861–1946

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Gold 100 Lire depicting King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, 1864

In 1861, coins were minted in Florence, Milan, Naples and Turin in denominations of c.1, c.2, c.5, c.10 and c.50, 1 lira, 2, 5, 10 and 20 lire, with the lowest four in copper, the highest two in gold and the remainder in silver. In 1863, silver coins below 5 lire were debased from 90% to 83.5% and silver c.20 coins were introduced. Minting switched to Rome in the 1870s.

Apart from the introduction in 1894 of cupro-nickel (later nickel) c.20 coins and of nickel c.25 pieces in 1902, the coinage remained essentially unaltered until the First World War.

In 1919, with the purchasing power of the lira reduced to one fifth of that of 1914, the production of all earlier coin types except for the nickel c.20 halted, and smaller, copper c.5 and c.10 and nickel c.50 coins were introduced, followed by nickel 1 lira and 2 lire pieces in 1922 and 1923, respectively. In 1926, silver 5 and 10 lire coins were introduced, equal in size and composition to the earlier 1 lira and 2 lire coins. Silver 20 lire coins were added in 1927.

In 1936, the last substantial issue of silver coins was made, whilst, in 1939, moves to reduce the cost of the coinage led to copper being replaced by aluminium bronze and nickel by stainless steel. All production of coinage halted in 1943.

In 1943 the AM-lira was issued, in circulation in Italy after the landing in Sicily on the night of 9 July 1943. After 1946, the AM-lira ceased to be the currency of employment and was used along with normal notes, until 3 June 1950.

Between 1947 and 1954, zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste used the Triestine lira.

Italian Republic, 1946–2002

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Silver 500 lire featuring the ships of Christopher Columbus, 1960

Coin production resumed slowly in 1946, reaching 1 million minted in 1948, with the purchasing power of the lira reduced to 2% of its value in 1939. Initially, 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire coins were issued in aluminium. These coins were in circulation together with the AM-lire and some of the old, devalued coins of the Italian Kingdom. In 1951, the government replaced all circulating coins and notes with new smaller-sized aluminium 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire (although the 2 lire coin was not minted in 1951 or 1952), and in 1954–1955, Acmonital (stainless steel) 50 and 100 lire coins were introduced, followed by aluminium-bronze 20 lire in 1957 and silver 500 lire in 1958. Increases in the silver bullion price led to the 500 lire coins being produced only in small numbers for collectors after 1967. The 500 lire (and later the 1,000 lire) also appeared in a number of commemorative coin issues, such as the centennial of Italian unification in 1961. Between 1967 and 1982, two types of "paper money" were issued with a value of 500 lire. These were not issued by "Banca d'Italia", but directly by the government bearing the title "Repubblica Italiana".

 
100 lire FAO commemorative coin, 1979
 
200 lire Maria Montessori commemorative coin, 1980

In 1977, aluminium-bronze 200 lire coins were introduced, followed in 1982 by the bimetallic 500 lire. This was the first bi-metallic coin to be produced for circulation, minted using a system patented by IPZS. It was also the first to feature the value in braille.[16]

Production of 1 lira and 2 lire coins for circulation ceased in 1959; their mintage was restarted from 1982 to 2001 for collectors' coin sets. Production of the 5 lire coin was greatly reduced in the late 1970s and ceased for circulation in 1998. Similarly, in 1991 the production of 10 and 20 lire coins was limited. The sizes of the 50 and 100 lire coins were reduced in 1990, but then they were completely redesigned 1993. A bimetallic 1,000 lire coin was introduced in 1997 and stopped in 1998 due to the impending introduction of the euro.

Coins still being minted for circulation at the time of the changeover to euro (in 2000 and 2001 only lire for collectors coins sets were minted) were:[17]

  • 1 lira (0.05 cents, only for collectors)
  • 2 lire (0.10 cents, only for collectors)
  • 5 lire (0.26 cents, only for collectors)
  • 10 lire (0.52 cents, only for collectors)
  • 20 lire (1.03 cents, only for collectors)
  • 50 lire (2.58 cents)
  • 100 lire (5.16 cents)
  • 200 lire (10.33 cents)
  • 500 lire (25.82 cents)
  • 1,000 lire (51.65 cents)
Coins of the Italian lira
Image Value Equivalent in euros Diameter Weight Material Obverse Reverse Dates of issue
1 lira €0.0005 17.2 mm 0.625 g Aluminium Weighing scales; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "1"; Cornucopia 1951-2001
2 lire €0.001 18.3 mm 0.8 g Aluminium Bee; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "2"; Olive branch 1953-2001
5 lire €0.0026 20.2 mm 1.0 g Aluminium Rudder; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "5"; Dolphin 1951-2001
10 lire €0.0052 23.25 mm 1.6 g Aluminium Plough; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "10"; Two ears of wheat 1951-2001
20 lire €0.0103 21.25 mm 3.6 g Bronzital Profile of a woman at left with ears of wheat in her hair; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "L 20"; Oak branch 1957-2001
50 lire €0.0258 24.8 mm 6.25 g Acmonital Profile of a woman at right with oak wreath; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "L 50"; god Vulcan beating iron on an anvil 1954-1989
50 lire €0.0258 17 mm 2.7 g Acmonital Profile of a woman at right with oak wreath; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "L 50"; god Vulcan beating iron on an anvil 1990-1995
50 lire €0.0258 19.2 mm 4.5 g Copper-nickel Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" Text "50 LIRE"; a bunch of grapes, a laurel branch, an oak branch, a cornucopia and a gear 1996-2001
100 lire €0.0516 27.8 mm 8 g Acmonital Profile of a woman at left with a laurel crown; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "L 100"; goddess Minerva holding an olive tree and a long spear 1955-1989
100 lire €0.0516 18.20 mm 3.30 g Acmonital Profile of a woman at left with a laurel crown; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" "L 100"; goddess Minerva holding an olive tree and a long spear 1990-1992
100 lire €0.0516 22 mm 4.5 g Copper-nickel Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" Text "100 LIRE"; a bird in flight, a wheat stalk, a dolphin and an olive branch 1993-2001
200 lire €0.1033 24 mm 5.0 g Bronzital Profile of a woman at right; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" Text "200 LIRE" within a gear wheel 1977-2001
500 lire €0.2582 29.3 mm 11 g .835 silver Christopher Columbus's ships the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria; text "REVBBLICA ITALIANA", "L. 500" Bust of a woman in Renaissance dress, representing Italy, surrounded by 19 shields 1958-2001
500 lire €0.2582 25.8 mm 6.8 g Bi-metallic (Bronzital center plug in an acmonital outer ring) Profile of a woman at left with wings; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" Piazza del Quirinale in Rome; "L. 500" 1982-2001
1,000 lire €0.5165 27 mm 8.8 g Bi-metallic (Copper-nickel center plug in bronzital outer ring) Profile of a woman at left with a towered crown and hair swathed in fabric; text "REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" Map of Europe; "L. 1000" 1997-2001

Banknotes

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In 1882, the government began issuing low-denomination paper money bearing the title "Biglietto di Stato" (meaning "Ticket of the state"). To begin with, there were 5 lire and 10 lire notes, to which 25 lire notes were occasionally added from 1895. The government also issued notes titled "Buono di Cassa" between 1893 and 1922 in denominations of 1 lira and 2 lire. Production of Biglietti di Stato ceased in 1925 but resumed in 1935 with notes for 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire being introduced by 1939.

The Bank of Italy began producing paper money in 1896. To begin with, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 lire notes were issued. In 1918–1919, 25 lire notes were also issued but no other denominations were introduced until after the Second World War.

In 1943, the invading Allies introduced notes in denominations of 1 lira, 2, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 lire. These were followed in 1944 by a series of Biglietti di Stato for 1 lira, 2, 5 and 10 lire, which circulated until replaced by coins in the late 1940s. The Bank of Italy introduced 5,000 and 10,000 lire notes in 1947 and 1948, respectively.

In 1951, the government again issued notes, this time simply bearing the title "Repubblica Italiana". Denominations were of 50 and 100 lire (replacing the Bank of Italy notes) and they circulated until coins of these denominations were introduced in the mid-1950s. In 1966, 500 lire notes were introduced (again replacing Bank of Italy notes) which were produced until replaced in 1982 by a coin.

50,000 and 100,000 lire notes were introduced by the Bank of Italy in 1967, followed by 2,000 lire notes in 1973, 20,000 lire notes in 1975 and 500,000 lire notes in 1997.

In the mid-1970s, when coinage was in short supply, Italian banks issued "miniassegni" in several low denominations. Technically bearer cheques, they were printed in the form of banknotes and were generally accepted as substitute legal currency.

Notes in circulation when the euro was introduced were:

Banknotes of the Italian lira (1990–1997 issues)
Image Value Dimensions Equivalent in
euros (€)		 Main colors Obverse Reverse Watermark
  1,000 lire 112 x 62 mm €0.516 Red-violet Maria Montessori Montessori education Maria Montessori
  2,000 lire 118 x 60 mm €1.03 Dark brown Guglielmo Marconi Marconi's yacht "Elettra"; Radio towers at Marconi's station Glace Bay in Nova Scotia; telegraph Guglielmo Marconi
  5,000 lire 126 x 70 mm €2.58 Olive-green and blue Vincenzo Bellini; interior of Teatro Massimo Bellini (Catania) Scene from Bellini's opera "Norma"; Allegory of "Lyrics" Vincenzo Bellini
  10,000 lire 133 x 70 mm €5.16 Dark blue Alessandro Volta; the Voltaic pile The Tempio Voltiano Museum in Como Alessandro Volta
  50,000 lire 150 x 70 mm €25.82 Red-violet or Violet and dull green Gian Lorenzo Bernini; Triton Fountain in Rome Equestrian statue (by Bernini), interior of St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City) Gian Lorenzo Bernini
  100,000 lire 156 x 70 mm €51.65 Dark brown, reddish brown and pale green Caravaggio, couple from Caravaggio's painting "The Fortune Teller" Fruit basket in the background Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi)
  500,000 lire 163 x 78 mm €258.23 Deep purple, dark blue and bright green Raffaello; Triumph of Galatea The School of Athens Raphael
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  • Banknotes circulating in 1951
  •  
    500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
  •  
    1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
  •  
    5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1947
  •  
    10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1948
  • Banknotes circulating in 1971
  •  
    500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1966
  •  
    1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1969
  •  
    5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1971 (1964)
  •  
    10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1962
  •  
    50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1967
  •  
    100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1967
  • Banknotes circulating in 1982
  •  
    500 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1974
  •  
    1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1982
  •  
    2,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1973
  •  
    5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1979
  •  
    10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1976
  •  
    20,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1975
  •  
    50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1977
  •  
    100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1978
  • Banknotes circulating in 2000
  •  
    1,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1990
  •  
    2,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1990
  •  
    5,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1985
  •  
    10,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1984
  •  
    50,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1992 (1984)
  •  
    100,000 lire – obverse and reverse – 1994 (1983)
  •  
    500,000 lire – obverse and reverse – printed in 1997
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Vatican City

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The Vatican lira (pl.: lire) was the official unit of the Vatican City State. It was at par with the Italian lira under the terms on the concordat with Italy. Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in the Vatican City, and vice versa. Specific Vatican coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender also in Italy and San Marino.

The Vatican City switched to the euro along with Italy and San Marino. As with old Vatican lira coins, the Vatican City has its own set of euro coins.

San Marino

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The Sammarinese lira (pl.: lire) was the official unit of San Marino. Like the Vatican lira, the Sammarinese lira was at par with the Italian lira.

Italian lira notes and coins were legal tender in San Marino (and vice versa). Specific Sammarinese coins were minted in Rome, and were legal tender in Italy, as well as the Vatican City.

San Marino switched to the euro along with Italy and the Vatican City. As with old Sammarinese lira coins, the country has its own set of euro coins.

Miniassegni

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Miniassegni (sg.: miniassegno) were a type of notgeld that circulated in Italy in the late 1970s in place of change, as in that period small-denomination coins were scarce and were often substituted with candy, stamps, telephone tokens, or even public transport tickets. The first miniassegni appeared in December 1975, and they were subsequently issued by many banks; they had nominal values of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 lire.

Restoration

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In 2005, the Lega Nord launched a campaign to reintroduce the lira as a parallel currency.[19] In 2014, Beppe Grillo, leader of the Five Star Movement, also raised the same point.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "lira". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
  2. ^ The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was Nigeria in 1973, when the pound was replaced by the naira.
  3. ^ "Poesie e Prose in dialetto". www.dialettando.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-02. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  4. ^ "Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 - page 187" (PDF). bancaditalia.it. 31 May 1983. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  5. ^ "A miniassegni issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using "LIT." as the currency sign". 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  6. ^ "A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of "Lit."". 30 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  7. ^ "Italy". CIA World Factbook 1990 - page 178. 1 April 1990. Retrieved 2022-06-21. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying "£50'000" in handwriting". Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  9. ^ "An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs". Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-06-20.
  10. ^ "Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year".
  11. ^ "Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year".
  12. ^ Kelly, Patrick (1821). "Venice". The Universal Cambist, and Commercial Instructor: Being a Full and Accurate Treatise on the Exchanges, Monies, Weights and Measures of All Trading Nations and Their Colonies; with an Account of Their Banks, Public Funds, and Paper Currencies, Volume 1. London: Lackington Allen and Co. p. 344. See also Milan p 254; Parma p 275
  13. ^ European Central Bank (31 December 1998). "Determination of the euro conversion rates". ecb.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2015-06-27. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
  14. ^ Gigante, Fabio (2017). Catalogo Gigante - Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro (in Italian). Gigante. pp. 324–329. ISBN 978-88-89805-18-3.
  15. ^ Gigante, Fabio (2017). Catalogo Gigante - Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro (in Italian). Gigante. pp. 52–79. ISBN 978-88-89805-18-3.
  16. ^ Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
  17. ^ "Libero - Community - I siti personali". digilander.libero.it.
  18. ^ This note was issued briefly in 1975, with a limited reprinting in 1985, so there were few of them in circulation
  19. ^ "Northern League launch campaign to revive lira". euobserver.com. 20 June 2005. Archived from the original on 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  20. ^ Squires, Nick (4 March 2013). "Grillo warns of return to the lira". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
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