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List of introduced species

A complete list of introduced species for even quite small areas of the world would be dauntingly long. Humans have introduced more different species to new environments than any single document can record. This list is generally for established species with truly wild populations— not kept domestically, that have been seen numerous times, and have breeding populations. While most introduced species can cause a negative impact to new environments they reach, some can have a positive impact, just for conservation purpose.

Antarctica

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Insects

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Australia

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See also: List of invasive species in Australia and Invasive species in Australia

Mammals

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Birds

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Fish

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Arthropods

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Molluscs

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Echinoderms

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Worms

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Plants

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Around 15% of Australia's flora is made up of introduced species.[58] The following is a non-inclusive list of some of the more significant plant species.

See also: List of invasive species in Australia § Plants

British Isles and other European islands

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See also: Invasive species in the British Isles

Further information can be found at the GB non-native species secretariat,[59] which has a free tool kit of resources on non-native species, including a photo gallery, ID sheets, risk assessments, projects database, case studies and resources for local action groups.

Mammals

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Birds

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Main article: List of non-native birds of Great Britain

Fish

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Amphibians

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Reptiles

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Crustaceans

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Insects

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Butterflies and moths

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Ants

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Coleoptera (beetles)

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Arachnids

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Molluscs

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Worms

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Other Animals

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Plants

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Continental Europe

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Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Crustaceans

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Insects

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Molluscs

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Other Animals

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Plants

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  • Monterey pine (in warmer areas, from California; established from forestry plantations)
  • Mediterranean cypress (in warmer areas; from SW Asia, also locally native [Crete, Cyprus]; long established from ornamental planting)
  • Monterey cypress (in warmer areas, from California; established from forestry plantations)
  • Smooth arizona cypress (in warmer areas, from Arizona; established from forestry plantations)
  • Persian walnut (from SW Asia, established from nut orchards)
  • Northern red oak (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Black cherry (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Black locust (from eastern North America; established from forestry plantations)
  • Silver wattle (in warmer areas, from Australia; established from ornamental planting)
  • Tree-of-heaven (from eastern Asia; established from ornamental planting)
  • Eucalyptus (multiple species in warmer areas, from Australia; established from forestry plantations)
  • Prickly-pear (multiple species in Mediterranean areas, from southwestern North America; established from ornamental planting)
  • Century-plant (in Mediterranean areas, from southwestern North America; established from ornamental planting)

Hawaiian Islands

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See also: Invasive species in Hawaii, List of animal species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, and List of bird species introduced to the Hawaiian Islands

Mammals

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Birds

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Primary source for this list is Robert L. Pyle and Peter Pyle, The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands[182] unless otherwise stated

Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[196] unless otherwise stated.

Fish

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Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[196] unless otherwise stated.

Arthropods

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Plants

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Other species

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New Zealand

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See also: Invasive species in New Zealand

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Insects

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Arachnids

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Other Animals

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Plants

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Up to 26,000 plants have been introduced into New Zealand. This list is a few of the more common and more invasive species.

United States and Canada

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See also: List of invasive species in North America

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[196] unless otherwise stated.

Fish

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Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[196] unless otherwise stated.

Crustaceans

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Primary source for this list is Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database[196] unless otherwise stated.

Mollusks

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Marine[196]

Freshwater[196]

Terrestrial

Worms

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Insects

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[385]

Beetles and relatives

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[386]

Crickets

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Flies and allies

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[386]

Termites

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Sawflies

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Aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects

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Ants

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Bees

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[424]

Wasps

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Moths and butterflies

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[386]

Other insects

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Arachnids

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Jellyfishes

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Other animals

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Plants

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This is a non-exhaustive list of some of the more significant plant species

Oomycetes

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Central America, Caribbean islands and Mexico

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Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Insects

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Arachnids

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Worms

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Crustaceans

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Mollusks

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South America

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Mammals

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Birds

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Insects

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Arachnids

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Crustaceans

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Mollusks

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Asia excluding Japan

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See also: List of invasive species in Asia

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Insects

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Other arthropods

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Molluscs

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Other Animals

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Japan

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See also: Invasive species in Japan

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Insects

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Other Arthropods

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Molluscs

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Other Animals

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Africa

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Main article: List of invasive species in Africa

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Fish

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Crustaceans

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Insects

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Molluscs

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Worms

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Other Animals

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Plants

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Oceania and remote islands

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See also: List of invasive species in Fiji

Mammals

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Birds

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Reptiles

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Amphibians

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Insects

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Molluscs

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Worms

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See also

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References

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  40. ^ "Idioscopus nitidulus (Mango leafhopper)".
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  61. ^ "Erinaceus europaeus (European hedgehog)".
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  73. ^ a b "Alburnus alburnus (bleak)". www.cabi.org.
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  128. ^ "Lampropeltis californiae".
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  130. ^ "Ambystoma mexicanum". Cabi.org. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
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  133. ^ "Carassius gibelio (Prussian carp)". www.cabi.org.
  134. ^ "Cyprinus carpio (common carp)". www.cabi.org.
  135. ^ "Esox lucius (Pike)".
  136. ^ "Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout)". www.cabi.org.
  137. ^ "Sander lucioperca (pike-perch)". www.cabi.org.
  138. ^ "Bay barnacle (Balanus improvisus)" (PDF). Främmande arter i svenska hav. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  139. ^ "Limnomysis benedeni". www.cabi.org.
  140. ^ "Limnoria lignorum (gribble)". www.cabi.org.
  141. ^ Holdich, D. and Black, J. 2007, The spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Cambaridae), digs into the UK[dead link‍]
  142. ^ Aquatic Invasions 2(1):1–16.
  143. ^ "Palaemon elegans (rock shrimp)". www.cabi.org.
  144. ^ Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet: Paralithodes camtschaticus, North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species. Retrieved on 2009-04-10.
  145. ^ "Pontogammarus robustoides". www.cabi.org.
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  548. ^ Scally, Patrick (April 2, 2013). "Rhinos reintroduced to Yunnan". GoKunming.
  549. ^ "Ovis aries (sheep)". www.cabi.org.
  550. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Acridotheres cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22710940A176451306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22710940A176451306.en. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  551. ^ Johnson, Stephen R.; Campbell, R. Wayne (2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.). "Crested Myna (Acridotheres cristatellus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.cremyn.01.
  552. ^ a b c Payne, Robert B. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Red Avadavat (Amandava amandava)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.redava.01. S2CID 216465533.
  553. ^ a b Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.eclpar.01. S2CID 241665077.
  554. ^ a b McGowan, Philip J.K.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Chinese Francolin (Francolinus pintadeanus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.chifra1.01. S2CID 243165879.
  555. ^ "Garrulax canorus (Chinese hwamei)". www.cabi.org.
  556. ^ a b c Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H.M.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Zebra Dove (Geopelia striata)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.zebdov.01. S2CID 225996370.
  557. ^ a b Payne, Robert B. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Chestnut Munia (Lonchura atricapilla)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.chemun.01. S2CID 216367933.
  558. ^ a b International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eurasian Tree Sparrow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  559. ^ McGowan, Philip J.K.; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Daurian Partridge (Perdix dauurica)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.daupar1.01. S2CID 243177478.
  560. ^ a b "Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet)". www.cabi.org.
  561. ^ a b Garrett, Kimball L.; Walker, Ronald L. (2022). "Eastern Spotted Dove (Spilopelia chinensis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.spodov.01.1.
  562. ^ Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.blnpar1.01. S2CID 242629280.
  563. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Coconut Lorikeet". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  564. ^ "Coconut Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org.
  565. ^ a b Dijk (N/A), Peter Paul van (August 2, 2010). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snapping Turtle". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  566. ^ a b "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Yellow-bellied Slider Turtle". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. August 1, 2010.
  567. ^ a b "Trachemys scripta elegans / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  568. ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  569. ^ a b "Brahminy blind snake / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  570. ^ a b "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  571. ^ "Image - Arapaima in flooded forest - Arapaima - Arapaima gigas - ARKive". October 16, 2008. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008.
  572. ^ "Abbottina rivularis (Chinese false gudgeon)". www.cabi.org.
  573. ^ a b "Convict cichlid / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  574. ^ Xie, Wen-Dong; Wen, Zhi-Xin; Song, Kai; Guo, Bao-Cheng; Fang, Yun; Sun, Yue-Hua (January 2023). "Global freshwater assessment of establishment risk of invasive Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) and risks to freshwater ecosystems in China". Zoological Research. 44 (1): 90–93. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.368. PMC 9841189. PMID 36376240.
  575. ^ "Clarias gariepinus". www.cabi.org.
  576. ^ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Introductions of Aquatic Species". www.fao.org.
  577. ^ a b "Redbelly tilapia / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  578. ^ a b "Mosquitofish, Topminnor / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  579. ^ "Hemibarbus maculatus (spotted steed)". www.cabi.org.
  580. ^ a b "Ictalurus punctatus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  581. ^ "Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill)". www.cabi.org.
  582. ^ "Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Mayan cichlid)". www.cabi.org.
  583. ^ "Micropterus dolomieu (smallmouth bass)". www.cabi.org.
  584. ^ a b "Oreochromis niloticus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  585. ^ a b "Poecilia reticulata / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  586. ^ a b "Molly / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  587. ^ "Pseudorasbora parva (topmouth gudgeon)". www.cabi.org.
  588. ^ a b "Suckermouth armored catfishes, Vermiculated sailfin catfish / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  589. ^ a b "Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus (rosy bitterling)". www.cabi.org.
  590. ^ a b "Green swordtail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  591. ^ Novoselsky, Tanya; Chen, Ping-ping; Nieser, Nico (2018). "A review of the giant water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha: Belostomatidae) of Israel". Israel Journal of Entomology. 48 (1): 119–141. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2529002.
  592. ^ a b "Bemisia argentifolii / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  593. ^ "Chrysomya bezziana (Old World screw-worm)". www.cabi.org.
  594. ^ "Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Douglas-fir beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  595. ^ a b "Western flower thrips / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  596. ^ a b "Hypera postica / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  597. ^ a b "Linepithema humile / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  598. ^ a b "Liriomyza sativae / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  599. ^ a b "Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  600. ^ "Oracella acuta (loblolly pine mealybug)". www.cabi.org.
  601. ^ a b "Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug)". www.cabi.org.
  602. ^ a b c "Quadrastichus erythrinae (Erythrina gall wasp)". www.cabi.org.
  603. ^ a b "Solenopsis geminata / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  604. ^ "Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant)". www.cabi.org.
  605. ^ Zhou, Yan; Wu, Qiu-lin; Zhang, Hao-wen; Wu, Kong-ming (March 2021). "Spread of invasive migratory pest Spodoptera frugiperda and management practices throughout China". Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 20 (3): 637–645. Bibcode:2021JIAgr..20..637Z. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63621-3. S2CID 233816758.
  606. ^ a b "Trialeurodes vaporariorum / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  607. ^ "Vespa velutina (Asian hornet)". www.cabi.org.
  608. ^ a b c "Xyleborus volvulus". www.cabi.org.
  609. ^ a b "Latrodectus geometricus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  610. ^ a b "striped barnacle / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  611. ^ a b "Threeband gardenslug, greenhouse slug / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  612. ^ a b "Cannibal snail, Rosy wolf snail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  613. ^ "Limnoperna fortunei (golden mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  614. ^ a b "Decollate snail / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  615. ^ "Ruditapes philippinarum (Japanese carpet shell)". www.cabi.org.
  616. ^ a b "/ Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  617. ^ a b "Bursaphelenchus xylophilus / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  618. ^ a b "Potato-cyst nematode / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  619. ^ a b "/ Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  620. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Formosan Rock Macaque". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. June 30, 2008.
  621. ^ "Macaca mulatta / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  622. ^ "Feral dog, Domestic dog / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  623. ^ "Yellow marten, Japanese marten / Invasive Species of Japan". www.nies.go.jp.
  624. ^ "Japanese weasel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  625. ^ "Siberian weasel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  626. ^ "Raccoon Dog / Invasive Species of Japan".
  627. ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org.
  628. ^ "Masked Musang， Masked Palm Civet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  629. ^ "特定外来生物の解説：ハリネズミ属の全種 [外来生物法]". www.env.go.jp.
  630. ^ "Erinaceus SPP. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  631. ^ "Japanese pipistrelle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  632. ^ "Dsinezumi shrew, Japanese white-toothed shrew / Invasive Species of Japan".
  633. ^ "Siberian chipmunk / Invasive Species of Japan".
  634. ^ "Mus musculus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  635. ^ "Rattus exulans / Invasive Species of Japan".
  636. ^ "Norway rat, brown rat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  637. ^ "Eurasian red squirrel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  638. ^ "Callosciurus erythraeus subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  639. ^ "Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson's squirrel)". www.cabi.org.
  640. ^ "Myocastor coypus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  641. ^ "Muskrat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  642. ^ "Cattle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  643. ^ "Feral goat / Invasive Species of Japan".
  644. ^ "Reeves's (Or Chinese) Muntjac / Invasive Species of Japan".
  645. ^ "Wild boar, Eurasia Wild Pig / Invasive Species of Japan".
  646. ^ "Crested myna, Chinese crested myna, Chinese jungle myna, Tufted myna, Chinese starling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  647. ^ "Acridotheres tristis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  648. ^ "Red avadavat, Red munia, Avadavat, Strawberry finch, Red waxbill, Scarlet amandava, Amandava / Invasive Species of Japan".
  649. ^ "Branta canadensis moffitti / Invasive Species of Japan".
  650. ^ "Colinus virginianus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  651. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Colinus virginianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728956A95000808. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728956A95000808.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  652. ^ "Rock dove, Feral pigeon / Invasive Species of Japan".
  653. ^ "Cygnus atratus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  654. ^ "Cygnus olor / Invasive Species of Japan".
  655. ^ "Melodius laughing thrush, Hawamei, Chinese thrush / Invasive Species of Japan".
  656. ^ "Garrulax cineraceus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  657. ^ "White-browed laughing thrush / Invasive Species of Japan".
  658. ^ "Pied starling, Asian pied starling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  659. ^ "Leiothrix lutea / Invasive Species of Japan".
  660. ^ a b "Java sparrow / Invasive Species of Japan".
  661. ^ "Chestnut mannikin / Invasive Species of Japan".
  662. ^ "Tricolored mannikin, Three-coloured mannikin / Invasive Species of Japan".
  663. ^ "White-rumped munia, Striated munia, Striated mannikin, Hodgson's munia, White-backed munia, Sharp-tailed munia, Sharp-tailed mannikin, Bengalese finch / Invasive Species of Japan".
  664. ^ "Budgerigar / Invasive Species of Japan".
  665. ^ "Red-crested cardinal, Brazilian cardinal / Invasive Species of Japan".
  666. ^ "Common peafowl, Peafowl, Indian peafowl, Blue peafowl / Invasive Species of Japan".
  667. ^ "Ring-necked Pheasant / Invasive Species of Japan".
  668. ^ "Red-breasted parakeet, Indian moustached parakeet, Moustached parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  669. ^ "Alexandrine parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  670. ^ "Ring-necked parakeet / Invasive Species of Japan".
  671. ^ "Red-wiskered bulbul, Red-eared bulbul / Invasive Species of Japan".
  672. ^ "Light-vented bulbul / Invasive Species of Japan".
  673. ^ "Pin-tailed whydah / Invasive Species of Japan".
  674. ^ "Yellow-margined box turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  675. ^ "Reeves' pond turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  676. ^ "Chelydra serpentina subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  677. ^ "Chinese softshell turtle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  678. ^ "Green anole / Invasive Species of Japan".
  679. ^ Frost, D.R.; Hammerson, G.A. (2020). "Anolis carolinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T64188A18972474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T64188A18972474.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  680. ^ "Hokou gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  681. ^ "House gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  682. ^ "Tree gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  683. ^ "Japalura swinhonis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  684. ^ "Mourning gecko / Invasive Species of Japan".
  685. ^ "Beauty snake / Invasive Species of Japan".
  686. ^ "Sakisima habu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  687. ^ "Taiwan habu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  688. ^ "Polypedates leucomystax / Invasive Species of Japan".
  689. ^ "African Clawed Toad, Common Clawed Frog, Common Platanna / Invasive Species of Japan".
  690. ^ "Chinese Giant Salamander / Invasive Species of Japan".
  691. ^ "Striped bitterling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  692. ^ "Acheilognathus macropterus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  693. ^ "Kanehira / Invasive Species of Japan".
  694. ^ "Zenitanago / Invasive Species of Japan".
  695. ^ "Snakehead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  696. ^ "Channa asiatica / Invasive Species of Japan".
  697. ^ "Walking catfish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  698. ^ "Clarias batrachus (walking catfish)". www.cabi.org.
  699. ^ "Whitespotted clarias, Hong Kong catfish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  700. ^ "Blotched snakehead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  701. ^ "Ctenopharyngodon idella / Invasive Species of Japan".
  702. ^ "Common carp, Asian carp / Invasive Species of Japan".
  703. ^ "Pearl danio / Invasive Species of Japan".
  704. ^ "Zebrafish, Zebra danio / Invasive Species of Japan".
  705. ^ "Silver bighead, Silver carp / Invasive Species of Japan".
  706. ^ "Striped bighead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  707. ^ "Bluegill / Invasive Species of Japan".
  708. ^ "Paradise fish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  709. ^ "Smallmouth bass / Invasive Species of Japan".
  710. ^ "Largemouth bass / Invasive Species of Japan".
  711. ^ "Swamp eel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  712. ^ "Mylopharyngodon piceus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  713. ^ "Argentinian silverside / Invasive Species of Japan".
  714. ^ "Rainbow trout, Steelhead / Invasive Species of Japan".
  715. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  716. ^ "Indian glassy fish / Invasive Species of Japan".
  717. ^ "Paramisgurnus dabryanus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  718. ^ "Rosy bitterling / Invasive Species of Japan".
  719. ^ "Brown trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  720. ^ "Brook trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  721. ^ "Lake trout / Invasive Species of Japan".
  722. ^ "Silurus asotus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  723. ^ "Numachichibu / Invasive Species of Japan".
  724. ^ "Agriosphodrus dohrni / Invasive Species of Japan".
  725. ^ "Anoplolepis gracilipes (yellow crazy ant)". www.cabi.org.
  726. ^ "Aromia bungii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  727. ^ "German cockroach / Invasive Species of Japan".
  728. ^ "Caverelius saccharivorus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  729. ^ a b "Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite)".
  730. ^ "Cylas formicarius / Invasive Species of Japan".
  731. ^ "Delta pyriforme / Invasive Species of Japan".
  732. ^ "Dryocosmus kuriphilus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  733. ^ "Epilachna varivestis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  734. ^ "Erionota torus (Banana skipper)".
  735. ^ "Euscepes postfasciatus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  736. ^ "Hestina assimilis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  737. ^ "Liriomyza trifolii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  738. ^ "Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant)".
  739. ^ "Nealsomyia rufella / Invasive Species of Japan".
  740. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  741. ^ "Paraglenea fortunei / Invasive Species of Japan".
  742. ^ "Parasa lepida / Invasive Species of Japan".
  743. ^ "Protaetia orientalis sakaii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  744. ^ "Rhabdoscelus obscurus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  745. ^ "Rhynchophorus ferrugineus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  746. ^ "Sericinus montela subspp. / Invasive Species of Japan".
  747. ^ "Melon thrips / Invasive Species of Japan".
  748. ^ "Unaspis yanonensis / Invasive Species of Japan".
  749. ^ "Vespa velutina / Invasive Species of Japan".
  750. ^ "Xylocopa tranquebarorum / Invasive Species of Japan".
  751. ^ "Tomato russet mite / Invasive Species of Japan".
  752. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  753. ^ "Mediterranean green crab / Invasive Species of Japan".
  754. ^ "Pacifastacus leniusculus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  755. ^ "Procambarus clarkii / Invasive Species of Japan".
  756. ^ "Tuberculate pear crab / Invasive Species of Japan".
  757. ^ "Titan Acorn barnacle / Invasive Species of Japan".
  758. ^ "Crangonyx floridanus / Invasive Species of Japan".
  759. ^ "Asian clam, Prosperity clam / Invasive Species of Japan".
  760. ^ "Onyx slippersnail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  761. ^ "Limnoperna fortunei / Invasive Species of Japan".
  762. ^ "Giant African snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  763. ^ "Nassarius snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  764. ^ "Green mussel, green-lipped mussel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  765. ^ "Apple snail / Invasive Species of Japan".
  766. ^ "SMLL brown mussel / Invasive Species of Japan".
  767. ^ "/ Invasive Species of Japan".
  768. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  769. ^ Vrahimis, S.; Grobler, P.; Brink, J.; Viljoen, P.; Schulze, E. (2017). "Connochaetes gnou". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T5228A50184962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T5228A50184962.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  770. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2016). "Aepyceros melampus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T550A50180828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T550A50180828.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  771. ^ IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Hippotragus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10170A50188654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10170A50188654.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  772. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  773. ^ "Ammotragus lervia (aoudad)". www.cabi.org.
  774. ^ Nameer, P.O.; Smith, A.T. (2019). "Lepus nigricollis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41282A45188041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41282A45188041.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  775. ^ Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 272–274. ISBN 978-1-881173-88-5.
  776. ^ Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D. (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Fischer's Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.fislov1.01. S2CID 241412861.
  777. ^ Nigel, Collar; d., Boesman (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Yellow-collared Lovebird (Agapornis personatus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.yeclov.01. S2CID 243257622.
  778. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Coturnix coturnix". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22678944A131904485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  779. ^ Peter, Clement (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Yellow-fronted Canary (Crithagra mozambica)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.yefcan.01. S2CID 216426635.
  780. ^ a b Craig, Adrian J. F. (March 4, 2020). "Red Fody (Foudia madagascariensis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.rehfod1.01. S2CID 241107793.
  781. ^ Kamal, Islam (August 18, 2021). "Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.gryfra.01.1. S2CID 240751023.
  782. ^ a b k, Mcgowan; m., Kirwan (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.redjun.01. S2CID 243369387.
  783. ^ a b Payne, Robert B. (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Scaly-breasted Munia (Lonchura punctulata)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.nutman.01. S2CID 216430239.
  784. ^ "Quelea quelea (weaver bird)". www.cabi.org.
  785. ^ Clement, Peter (March 4, 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Cape Canary (Serinus canicollis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.capcan1.01. S2CID 216224478.
  786. ^ Barbary Dove pir.sa.gov.au
  787. ^ "Tyto alba (Barn owl)". www.cabi.org.
  788. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - European pond turtle | Emys orbicularis". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  789. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Stump-tailed gecko | Gehyra mutilata". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  790. ^ a b South Africa: Reptiles. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  791. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Mourning gecko | Lepidodactylus lugubris". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  792. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Moorish wall gecko | Tarentola mauritanica". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  793. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Alligator snapping turtle | Macrochelys temminckii". Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  794. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Guttural toad | Amietophrynus gutturalis". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  795. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Grass carp | Ctenopharyngodon idella". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  796. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Common carp | Cyprinus carpio". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  797. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Mosquitofish | Gambusia affinis". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  798. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Silver carp | Hypophthalmichthys molitrix". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  799. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Bluegill sunfish | Lepomis macrochirus". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  800. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Smallmouth bass | Micropterus dolomieu". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  801. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Florida bass | Micropterus floridanus". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  802. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Spotted bass | Micropterus punctulatus". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  803. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Largemouth bass | Micropterus salmoides". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  804. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  805. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Perch | Perca fluviatilis". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  806. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Vermiculated sailfin catfish | Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  807. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Atlantic salmon | Salmo salar". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  808. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Tench | Tinca tinca". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  809. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Asian tiger mosquito | Aedes albopictus". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  810. ^ "Aleurothrixus floccosus (Woolly whitefly)".
  811. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Crazy ant | Anoplolepis gracilipes". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  812. ^ a b "Aulacaspis yasumatsui (cycad aulacaspis scale)". www.cabi.org.
  813. ^ "Bactrocera dorsalis (Oriental fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  814. ^ "Bactrocera zonata (Peach fruit fly)".
  815. ^ "Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly)". www.cabi.org.
  816. ^ "Chionaspis pinifoliae (Pine leaf scale)".
  817. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Cypress aphid | Cinara cupressi". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  818. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Banana root borer | Cosmopolites sordidus". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  819. ^ "Eulachnus rileyi (Pine needle aphid)".
  820. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Harlequin lady beetle | Harmonia axyridis". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  821. ^ "Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer)". www.cabi.org.
  822. ^ a b "Orthotomicus erosus (Mediterranean pine beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  823. ^ "Polistes dominula (European paper wasp)". www.cabi.org.
  824. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Citrophilus mealybug | Pseudococcus calceolariae". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  825. ^ "Trialeurodes ricini (Castor bean whitefly)".
  826. ^ "Monomorium destructor (Singapore ant)".
  827. ^ a b "Xyleborus perforans (island pinhole borer)". www.cabi.org.
  828. ^ "Xylosandrus compactus (shot-hole borer)". www.cabi.org.
  829. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Marbled tadpole snail | Aplexa marmorata". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  830. ^ a b c d e f Herbert, David G (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa (PDF). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. ISBN 978-1-919976-56-3.
  831. ^ South Africa: Molluscs. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  832. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Amphibious pond snail | Lymnaea columella". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  833. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Pacific mussel | Semimytilus algosus". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  834. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Quilted malania | Tarebia granifera". Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  835. ^ "Invasive Species South Africa - Protecting Biodiversity from Invasion - Shell worm | Boccardia proboscidea". Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  836. ^ Ciona intestinalis (tunicate). Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Global Invasive Species Database. ISSG.
  837. ^ "Herpestes auropunctatus (small Indian mongoose)". www.cabi.org.
  838. ^ "Mustela furo (ferret)". www.cabi.org.
  839. ^ "Sciurus carolinensis (grey squirrel)". www.cabi.org.
  840. ^ Craig, Adrian; Feare, C. J. (2020). "Jungle Myna (Acridotheres fuscus)". In Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.junmyn1.01. S2CID 216278301.
  841. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Acridotheres tristis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22710921A111063735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22710921A111063735.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  842. ^ Wildfowl wwt.org.uk
  843. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  844. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Bubulcus ibis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22697109A155477521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697109A155477521.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  845. ^ Norfolk Island environment.gov.au
  846. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Circus approximans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22695363A111781121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22695363A111781121.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  847. ^ Debus, Stephen (2020). "New Caledonian Crow (Corvus moneduloides)". In Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.neccro1.01. S2CID 216184856.
  848. ^ Clement, Peter (2020). "Yellow Canary (Crithagra flaviventris)". In Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.yelcan1.01. S2CID 216472556.
  849. ^ Rocamora, Gérard; Yeatman-Berthelot, Dosithée (2020). "Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)". In Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.bladro1.01. S2CID 216170030.
  850. ^ Cookson, Megan; Richart, Casey H.; Burns, Kevin J. (2021). "Common Diuca-finch (Diuca diuca)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.codfin1.01.1. S2CID 242581553.
  851. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Synoicus chinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678979A92797212. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678979A92797212.en. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  852. ^ Taylor, Barry; Christie, David; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). "Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.commoo3.01. S2CID 242009654.
  853. ^ Russell, Eleanor; Rowley, Ian; Christie, David (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Australian Magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.ausmag2.01. S2CID 216205911.
  854. ^ Payne, Robert B. (2020). "Chestnut-breasted Mannikin (Lonchura castaneothorax)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.chbmun1.01. S2CID 216174082.
  855. ^ Payne, Robert B. (2020). "Red-browed Finch (Neochmia temporalis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.rebfir1.01. S2CID 216178129.
  856. ^ Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H. M.; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Garcia, Ernest (2021). "Madagascar Turtle-dove (Nesoenas picturatus)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.matdov1.01.1. S2CID 242173466.
  857. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: House Sparrow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  858. ^ Bierregaard, Richard O.; Kirwan, Guy M.; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). "Chimango Caracara (Phalcoboenus chimango)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.chicar1.01. S2CID 241393399.
  859. ^ International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (October 1, 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Common Pheasant". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  860. ^ McGowan, Philip J.K.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.renfra1.01. S2CID 241255267.
  861. ^ Collar, Nigel; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020). "Rimatara Lorikeet (Vini kuhlii)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.kuhlor1.01. S2CID 241984599.
  862. ^ Van Balen, Bas; Christie, David (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.silver3.01. S2CID 216174862.
  863. ^ "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Teira dugesii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. December 14, 2008.
  864. ^ "Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog)". www.cabi.org.
  865. ^ "Bactrocera cucurbitae (melon fly)". www.cabi.org.
  866. ^ "Blattella germanica (German cockroach)". www.cabi.org.
  867. ^ "Euwallacea destruens". www.cabi.org.
  868. ^ "Euwallacea piceus". www.cabi.org.
  869. ^ "Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy winged sharpshooter)". www.cabi.org.
  870. ^ "Kallitaxila crini (green tropiduchid)". www.cabi.org.
  871. ^ "Omorgus suberosus (hide beetle)". www.cabi.org.
  872. ^ "Solenopsis geminata (tropical fire ant)". www.cabi.org.
  873. ^ "Tapinoma minutum (dwarf pedicel ant)". www.cabi.org.
  874. ^ "Gonaxis kibweziensis". www.cabi.org.
  875. ^ "Mytilopsis sallei (Caribbean false mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  876. ^ "Oxychilus alliarius (garlic snail)". www.cabi.org.
  877. ^ "Perna viridis (Asian green mussel)". www.cabi.org.
  878. ^ "Veronicella cubensis (Cuban slug)". www.cabi.org.
  • DAISIE (eds.). 2009. Handbook of Alien Species in Europe. Springer, Dordrecht. 399 p. ISBN 978-1-4020-8279-5
  • Macdonald, D. and P. Barrett (1993) Collins Field Guide: Mammals of Britain & Europe. HarperCollins, London.
  • Svensson, L., P.J. Grant, K. Mullarney and D. Zetterström (1999) Collins Bird Guide. HarperCollins, London. (ISBN 0-00-219728-6)
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