Louis Botha

For the South African table tennis player, see Louis Botha (table tennis).

Louis Botha (locally /ˈbʊərtə/ BOOR-tə, Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈlu.i ˈbuəta]; 27 September 1862 – 27 August 1919) was a South African politician who was the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa, the forerunner of the modern South African state. A Boer war veteran during the Second Boer War, Botha eventually fought to have South Africa become a British Dominion.

General The Right Honourable Louis Botha
1st Prime Minister of South Africa
In office 31 May 1910 – 27 August 1919
Monarch	George V
Governors‑General	The Viscount Gladstone The Viscount Buxton
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Jan Smuts
Prime Minister of the Transvaal
In office 4 March 1907 – 31 May 1910
Monarchs	Edward VII George V
Governor	The Earl of Selborne
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Himself (as Prime Minister of South Africa)
Personal details
Born	27 September 1862 Greytown, Colony of Natal
Died	27 August 1919(1919-08-27) (aged 56) Pretoria, Transvaal, Union of South Africa
Resting place	Rebecca Street Cemetery, Pretoria, South Africa
Political party	South African Party
Other political affiliations	Het Volk Party
Spouse	Annie Emmett ​ (m. 1886)​
Profession	Career military officer, politician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	South African Republic Union of South Africa British Commonwealth
Years of service	1899–1902 (Transvaal Commandos) 1902–1919 (British Imperial Armies)
Rank	General
Commands	Boer, South African Republic
Battles/wars	Second Boer War Colenso Spioen kop World War I South-West Africa Campaign Maritz rebellion

Early life

Louis Botha was born in Greytown, Natal one of seven sons and eight daughters born to Louis Botha Senior (Somerset East, Eastern Cape, 26 March 1827 – Harrismith, Orange Free State, 5 July 1883) and Salomina Adriana van Rooyen (Somerset East, 31 March 1829 – Harrismith, 9 January 1886). Louis Botha briefly attended the school at Hermannsburg before his family relocated to the Orange Free State. The name Louis runs throughout the family, with every generation since General Louis Botha having the eldest son named Louis. Botha had three brothers who also served as generals in the Second Boer War: an older brother Philip Rudolf (1851–1901), and two younger brothers, Chris (1864–1902), a police officer, and Theunis Jacobus Botha (1867–1930).

Zulu conflict

Louis Botha led "Dinuzulu's Volunteers", a group of Boers that had supported Dinuzulu against Zibhebhu in 1884.

Politician

Botha later became a member of the parliament of Transvaal in 1897, representing the district of Vryheid.

Second Boer War

Botha during the Boer War

Early battles

In 1899, Louis Botha fought in the Second Boer War, initially joining the Krugersdorp Commando, continuing to fight under Lucas Meyer in Northern Natal, and later as a general commanding and leading Boer forces impressively at Colenso and Spion Kop. On the death of P. J. Joubert, he was made commander-in-chief of the Transvaal Boers, where he demonstrated his abilities again at Belfast-Dalmanutha. After one of the battles at the Tugela River, Botha granted a twenty-four-hour armistice to General Buller to enable him to bury his dead.

Capture of Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill revealed that General Botha was the man who captured him at the Battle of Chieveley. Coetzer 1996, p. 30 also claims that Botha captured Churchill at train ambush 15 November 1899. Churchill was not aware of the man's identity until 1902, when Botha travelled to London seeking loans to assist his country's reconstruction, and the two met at a private luncheon. The incident is also mentioned in Arthur Conan Doyle's book, The Great Boer War, published in 1902. However more recent sources claim that Field cornet Sarel Oosthuizen was in fact the Boer soldier who, at gunpoint, captured Churchill. Another version claims that the unit to capture Churchill was the Italian Volunteer Legion and its commander, Camillo Ricchiardi.

Later campaigns

After the fall of Pretoria in June 1900, Louis Botha led a concentrated guerrilla campaign against the British together with Koos de la Rey and Christiaan de Wet. The success of his measures was seen in the steady resistance offered by the Boers to the very close of the three-year war.

Role after the Boer War

A Punch cartoon expressing surprise at Botha's appointment as Premier of the Transvaal Colony. The cartoon states: "SHADE OF PAUL KRUGER. "What! Botha Premier? Well, these English do 'stagger Humanity'!" In 1907 South Africa was, in effect, given back to the Dutch.", 6 March 1907.

Botha was prominent in efforts to achieve a peace with the British, representing the Boers at the peace negotiations in 1902, and was signatory to the Treaty of Vereeniging. In the period of reconstruction under British rule, Botha went to Europe with de Wet and de la Rey to raise funds to enable the Boers to resume their former avocations. Botha, who was still looked upon as the leader of the Boer people, took a prominent part in politics, advocating always measures which he considered as tending to the maintenance of peace and good order and the re-establishment of prosperity in the Transvaal. His war record made him prominent in the politics of Transvaal and he was a major player in the postwar reconstruction of that country, founding with Jan Smuts the Het Volk Party in the Transvaal Colony in 1904, which served as a springboard to campaign for responsible self-government for the colony.

After the grant of self-government to the Transvaal on 6 December 1906 and the success of his Het Volk Party at the first elections in February 1907, Botha was called upon by Lord Selborne to form a government as Prime Minister on 4 March 1907, and in the spring of the same year he took part in the conference of colonial premiers held in London. During his visit to England on this occasion General Botha declared the wholehearted adhesion of the Transvaal to the British Empire, and his intention to work for the welfare of the country regardless of racial differences. The following year Botha participated in the National Convention (South Africa) which opened up the way for the passage of the South Africa Act of 1909 by the British parliament which in turn allowed for the formation of the Union of South Africa.

When South Africa obtained dominion status in 1910, Botha became the first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa. In 1911, together with another Boer war hero, Jan Smuts, he formed the South African Party, or SAP. Widely viewed as too conciliatory with Britain, Botha faced revolts from within his own party and opposition from James Barry Munnik Hertzog's National Party. He was a South African Freemason. Botha, like Hertzog, advocated for the preservation of black traditions, which ultimately lead to the segregation of the black and white races.

Later career

After the First World War started, he sent troops to take German South-West Africa, a move unpopular among Boers, which provoked the Boer Revolt.

Praise for the British

At Versailles on 1 June 1919, 17 years after the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging, General Botha, now a member of the British Empire Delegation, put his hand on Lord Milner's shoulder, and said "Seventeen years ago, my friend and I made peace at Vereeniging – it was a bitter peace for us, bitter hard. We lost all for which we had fought – our independence, our flag, our country. But we turned our thoughts and efforts then to saving our people; and they, the victors, helped us. It was a hard peace for us to accept, but as I know it now, when time has shown us the truth, it was not unjust – it was a generous peace that the British people made with us, and that is why we stand with them today side by side in the cause which has brought us all together."

At the end of the War he briefly led a British Military Mission to Poland during the Polish–Soviet War. He argued that the terms of the Versailles Treaty were too harsh on the Central Powers, but signed the treaty. Botha was unwell for most of 1919. He was plagued by fatigue and ill health that arose from his robust waistline.

Marriage and children

Botha married Annie Emmett at the Dutch Reformed Church in Vryheid on 13 December 1886. Annie Botha later converted from Anglicanism to Dutch Reformed Protestantism. Shortly after their wedding, they settled on the Waterval Farm in Vryheid. They had five children together, three sons and two daughters.

Death

Statue in Cape Town by Romano Romanelli

General Louis Botha died of heart failure at his home following an attack of Spanish influenza on 27 August 1919 in the early hours of the morning. He was 56. His wife Annie was at home and was joined by Engelenburg who had acted as a private secretary to Botha. Botha was laid to rest in the Heroes' Acre of the Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria.

Of Botha, Winston Churchill wrote in Great Contemporaries "The three most famous generals I have known in my life won no great battles over a foreign foe. Yet their names, which all begin with a 'B', are household words. They are General Booth, General Botha and General Baden-Powell..."

After Botha's death in 1919, Annie Botha settled on a farm in Rusthof and spent winters in Sezela, where she died in 1937.

Honours

Sculptor Raffaello Romanelli won the competition to create the equestrian statue of Botha that stands in front of the South African Parliament building but died before completing it. His son Romano Romanelli, and his grandson's family Arend Botha was contracted to finish his father's work.

Sculptor Anton van Wouw created a statue of Botha in Durban unveiled in 1921.

Sculptor Coert Steynberg was commissioned to create the equestrian statue of Botha in front of the Union Buildings in Pretoria. It was unveiled in 1946.

The General Botha Regiment of the South African Army is named after Botha.

Sources

• Churchill, Winston (1948) [1937]. Great Contemporaries. London: Odhams. ISBN 9781931313704.
• Churchill, Winston (1996). My Early Life: 1874–1904. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-82345-4.
• Coetzer, Owen (1996). The Anglo-Boer War: The road to Infamy, 1899–1900. W. Waterman. ISBN 978-1-874959-10-6.
• Engelenburg, Frans Vredenrijk (1928). General Louis Botha. J.L. Van Schaik.
• MacBride, John (2006). Jordan, Anthony J. (ed.). Boer War to Easter Rising: The Writings of John MacBride. Westport. ISBN 978-0-9524447-6-3.
• Meintjes, Johannes (1970). General Louis Botha: a biography. Cassell. ISBN 9780304935017.

• Texts on Wikisource:
• Peace of Vereeniging
• "Botha, Louis". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.
• Wrench, John Evelyn, Alfred Lord Milner, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1958, pg. 238. OCLC Number: 1630758

Further reading

Biographical

• Spender, Harold (1916). General Botha, The Career and the Man. London: Constable.

Historical

• Farwell, Bryon (1976). The Great Boer War. London: Allen Lane. (insights of Botha)
• Williams, Basil (1946). Botha Smuts and South Africa. London: Hodder and Stoughton. (comprehensive commentaries on Smuts and Botha, or as William's titled them in the last chapter of this book par nobile fratrum
• C.J.Barnard (1970). Generaal Louis Botha Op Die Natalse Front 1899–1900. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema.

Fiction

• O'Brien, Antony (2006). Bye-Bye Dolly Gray (illustrated ed.). Hartwell: Artillery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9758013-2-1. (a heroic Boer character in this Australian/Boer War novel)

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Louis Botha in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Anne Samson: Botha, Louis, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.