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Maastricht

For the treaty signed in Maastricht in 1992, see Maastricht Treaty.

Maastricht (/ˈmɑːstrɪxt/ MAH-strikht, US also /mɑːˈstrɪxt/ mah-STRIKHT,[8][9][10] Dutch: [maːˈstrɪxt] ⓘ; Limburgish: Mestreech [məˈstʀeːx]; French: Maestricht (archaic); Spanish: Mastrique (archaic)) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (Dutch: Maas), at the point where the river is joined by the Jeker. Mount Saint Peter (Sint-Pietersberg) is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège, and Hasselt.

Maastricht
Mestreech (Limburgish)
City and municipality
River Meuse in winter
River Meuse in winter
Town Hall by night
Maastricht City Hall at night
Sidewalk cafés at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
Sidewalk cafés at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
Saint Servatius Bridge
Saint Servatius Bridge
Our Lady, Star of the Sea chapel
Our Lady, Star of the Sea chapel
St. John's and Basilica of Saint Servatius
St. John's and St. Servatius' churches at Vrijthof square
View from Mount Saint Peter
View from Mount Saint Peter
Flag of Maastricht
Flag
Coat of arms of Maastricht
Coat of arms
Anthem: Mestreechs Volksleed
Highlighted position of Maastricht in a municipal map of Limburg
Location in Limburg
Maastricht is located in Netherlands
Maastricht
Maastricht
Location within the Netherlands
Maastricht is located in Europe
Maastricht
Maastricht
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 50°51′N 5°41′E / 50.850°N 5.683°E / 50.850; 5.683
Country Netherlands
ProvinceLimburg
Settled≈ circa 50 AD
City rightsgradually acquired
City HallMaastricht City Hall
Boroughs
7 districts
  • Centrum (Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique)
  • Noordoost (Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven)
  • Oost (Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld)
  • Zuidoost (Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal)
  • Zuidwest (Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
  • West (Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof)
  • Noordwest (Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld)
Government
[1]
 • BodyMunicipal council
 • MayorWim Hillenaar (CDA)
Area
[2]
 • Municipality
60.12 km2 (23.21 sq mi)
 • Land55.99 km2 (21.62 sq mi)
 • Water4.13 km2 (1.59 sq mi)
Elevation
[3]
49 m (161 ft)
Population
 (Municipality, January 2021; Urban and Metro, May 2014)[4][5]
 • Municipality
120,227
 • Density2,147/km2 (5,560/sq mi)
 • Urban
277,721
 • Metro
≈ 3,500,000
 Urban population for Dutch-Belgian region;[6] metropolitan population for Dutch-Belgian-German region.[7]
Demonyms(Dutch) Maastrichtenaar;
(Limb.) Mestreechteneer or "Sjeng" (nickname)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
6200–6229
Area code043
Websitewww.gemeentemaastricht.nl/en

Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre.[11] Today, the city is a thriving cultural[citation needed] and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro.[12] Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population. The last stage of the Cretaceous period and the Mesozoic era, the Maastrichtian, is named after this city, at the end of which was the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which resulted in the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.

History

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For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Maastricht.

Toponymy

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Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as [Ad] Treiectinsem [urbem] ab. 575, Treiectensis in 634, Triecto, Triectu in 7th century, Triiect in 768–781, Traiecto in 945, Masetrieth in 1051.[13][14]

The place name Maastricht is an Old Dutch compound Masa- (> Maas "the Meuse river") + Old Dutch *treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name li trek, from Classical Latin trajectus ("ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition of Maas "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the -trecht of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether *Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times.

A resident of Maastricht is referred to as Maastrichtenaar whilst in the local dialect it is either Mestreechteneer or, colloquially, Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French name Jean).

Early history

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Roman sanctuary in the basement of Hotel Derlon

Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross.

It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).

According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius, Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to Gregory of Tours it was bishop Monulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-day Basilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an early Christian diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century.

Middle Ages

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In the early Middle Ages Maastricht, along with Aachen and Liège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of the Carolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine.

During the 11th and 12th centuries the town flourished culturally. Several provosts of the chapter of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated during this era. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of relics and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event that drew up to 100,000 pilgrims.

Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive city rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug.[15]

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the industrial revolution in the early 19th century.

16th to 18th centuries

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The Siege of Maastricht (1579) as depicted in the Palace of Aranjuez

The strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch garrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces to recapture the city, but to no avail.

Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the Franco-Dutch War. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the comte d'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678.

In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the French First Republic, later the First French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure.

19th and early 20th century

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19th-century industry: Maastricht potteries in Boschstraat

After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the Great Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839 Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town.

 
Plate commemorating the liberation, 14 September 1944

Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards.

Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps.[16]

After World War II

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Prime minister Dries van Agt presiding over the 1981 European Council in the town hall

During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro.[17] Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors.

Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.

In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area.[18]

Geography

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Neighbourhoods

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Typical street in the Jekerkwartier, part of the city centre
 
Dutch topographic map of Maastricht, March 2014

Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its CBS code.

  1. Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500): Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique
  2. South-West (093501): Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
  3. West (093502): Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof
  4. North-West (093503): Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld
  5. North-East (093505): Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven
  6. East (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld
  7. South-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal

Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.

Neighbouring municipalities

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The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly.

Clockwise from north-east to north-west:

(B = Situated in Belgium)

Border

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Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area and, thus, are open without border controls.

Climate

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Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (Cfb, Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies 70 m [230 ft] lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at 39.6 °C (103.3 °F).

Climate data for Maastricht (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1906−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		29.7
(85.5) 		33.1
(91.6) 		37.2
(99.0) 		39.6
(103.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		34.3
(93.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 12.5
(54.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.3
(81.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.8
(55.0) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.7
(42.3) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.8
(58.6) 		9.7
(49.5) 		6.3
(43.3) 		14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		10.7
(51.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9) 		0.7
(33.3) 		2.7
(36.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.7
(47.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.8
(56.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		1.4
(34.5) 		6.6
(43.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −7.3
(18.9) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		2.5
(36.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−9.5
(14.9)
Record low °C (°F) −19.3
(−2.7) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		4.9
(40.8) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−21.4
(−6.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.8
(2.51) 		57.6
(2.27) 		54.6
(2.15) 		41.0
(1.61) 		57.7
(2.27) 		68.9
(2.71) 		72.8
(2.87) 		82.8
(3.26) 		57.5
(2.26) 		63.6
(2.50) 		62.2
(2.45) 		74.3
(2.93) 		756.8
(29.80)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12.0 10.8 10.4 8.4 9.4 9.7 10.2 10.2 8.8 10.7 11.7 13.2 125.7
Average snowy days 6.1 6.7 3.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 4.7 22.2
Average relative humidity (%) 86.4 83.2 77.7 71.7 72.1 72.8 73.1 74.8 79.4 83.9 87.9 88.3 79.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 66.9 86.0 138.5 180.8 208.7 205.5 209.0 197.5 157.0 118.2 74.1 53.5 1,695.7
Percent possible sunshine 25.4 30.3 37.5 43.7 43.4 41.7 42.1 43.8 41.3 35.5 27.4 21.5 36.1
Source: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (snowy days 2003–2020)[19][20] Infoclimat[21]

Demographics

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Historical population

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
14007,000—    
150010,000+0.36%
156013,500+0.50%
160012,600−0.17%
165018,000+0.72%
174012,500−0.40%
179617,963+0.65%
181820,000+0.49%
197093,927+1.02%
1980109,285+1.53%
1990117,008+0.69%
2000122,070+0.42%
2010118,533−0.29%
Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 32–33 (1400-1795)
Statistics Netherlands (1970–2010)

Inhabitants by nationality

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Maastricht residents by nationality – Top 10 (2000–2021)
Nationality 2021 2014[22] 2010 2000
  Netherlands 100,297 107,418 109,722 116,171
  Germany 3,908 3,869 1,956 783
  Italy 1,572 653 387 280
  Belgium 1,475 1,055 946 909
  Spain 913 431 232 241
  United Kingdom 842 815 386 280
  China 739 595 248 87
  France 686 351 214 120
  United States 665 623 277 162
  Turkey 436 404 368 404

Inhabitants by country of birth

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Maastricht residents by country of birth – Top 10 (2000–2020)
Country of birth 2020 2013[23] 2010 2000
  Netherlands 93,162 100,269 102,433 109,632
  Germany 3,949 4,100 2,467 1,444
  Belgium 2,355 1,920 1,839 1,900
  United States 1,380 753 383 217
  Indonesia 1,020 1,199 1,267 1,556
  China (excl. Hong Kong and Macau) 1,019 651 373 215
  Turkey 973 919 836 784
  United Kingdom 926 677 404 310
  Morocco 829 838 867 859
  Poland 563 437 316 152

Languages

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Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population.

  • Dutch is the national language and the language of elementary and secondary education (excluding international institutions) as well as administration. Dutch in Maastricht is often spoken with a distinctive Limburgish accent, which should not be confused with the Limburgish language.
  • Limburgish (or Limburgian) is the overlapping term of the tonal dialects spoken in the Dutch and the Belgian provinces of Limburg. The Maastrichtian dialect (Mestreechs) is only one of many variants of Limburgish. It is characterised by stretched vowels and some French influence on its vocabulary. In recent years the Maastricht dialect has been in decline (see dialect levelling) and a language switch to Standard Dutch has been noted.[24]
  • French used to be the language of education and culture in Maastricht. In the late 18th century the language gained a powerful position as the judicial and administrative language, and throughout the following century it was the preferred language of the upper classes. Between 1851 and 1892 a Francophone newspaper (Le Courrier de la Meuse) was published in Maastricht.[25] The language is often part of secondary school curricula. Many proper names are French and the language has left many traces in the local dialect.
  • German, like French, is often part of secondary school curricula. Due to Maastricht's geographic proximity to Germany and the great number of German students in the city, German is widely spoken.
  • English has become an important language in education. At Maastricht University and Hogeschool Zuyd it is the language of instruction for many courses. Many foreign students and expatriates use English as a lingua franca. English is also a mandatory subject in Dutch secondary schools.

Religion

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Religions in Maastricht (2013)[26]

  Roman Catholic (60.1%)
  Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2.8%)
  Other Christian denominations (2.2%)
  Islam (3.3%)
  Hinduism (0.1%)
  Buddhism (0.4%)
  Judaism (0.2%)
  No affiliation (30.9%)

In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month.[27]

Economy

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ENCI quarry
 
Office park Randwyck-Noord

Private companies based in Maastricht

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  • Sappi – South African Pulp and Paper Industry
  • Royal Mosa – ceramic tiles
  • O-I Manufacturing – previously Kristalunie Maastricht; glass
  • BASF – previously Ten Horn; pigments
  • Mondi – packaging
  • Rubber Resources/Elgi Rubber – previously Vredestein; rubber recycling
  • Radium Foams – Talalay products
  • Hewlett-Packard –e previously Indigo, manufacturer of electronic data systems
  • Vodafone – mobile phone company
  • Q-Park – international operator of parking garages
  • DHL – international express mail services
  • Teleperformance – contact center services
  • Mercedes-Benz – customer contact centre for Europe
  • VGZ – health insurance, customer contact centre
  • Pie Medical Imaging – cardiovascular quantitative analysis software
  • Esaote (formerly Pie Medical Equipment) – manufacturer of medical and veterinary diagnostic equipment
  • BioPartner Centre Maastricht – life sciences spin-off companies
  • Medtronic – medical devices, R&D center

Public institutions

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Provincial Government Buildings
 
European Institute of Public Administration

Since the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area.

Culture and tourism

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Medieval city wall (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwewal)
 
View of Maastricht from the fortress on Mount Saint Peter
 
Vrijthof with Saint John's (left) and Saint Servatius Basilica
 
View of Our Lady's from the church tower of Saint John's
 
Christmas decorations at Onze Lieve Vrouweplein
 
Markt and town hall
 
13th-century Dominican church converted into a bookstore
 
Slavante on the slopes of Mount Saint Peter
 
The landmark tower of the Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse in Wyck-Céramique
 
Medieval art in the Bonnefantenmuseum
 
Chest of Saint Servatius in the Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius
 
Maastricht University faculty on their way to the annual dies natalis
 
TEFAF, Maastricht's prestigious art fair
 
Giants' Parade, 2019: Gigantius of Maastricht

Sights of Maastricht

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Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (gemeentelijke monumenten). The entire city centre is a conservation area (beschermd stadsgezicht) and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat. Maastricht's main sights include:

  • Meuse (Dutch: Maas) river, with several parks and promenades along the river, and some interesting bridges:
    • Sint Servaasbrug, partly from the 13th century; the oldest bridge in the Netherlands;
    • Hoge Brug ("High Bridge"), a modern pedestrian bridge designed by René Greisch.
  • City fortifications, including:
    • Remnants of the first and second medieval city wall and several towers (13th and 14th centuries);
    • Helpoort ("Hell's Gate"), an imposing gate with two towers, built around 1230, the oldest city gate in the Netherlands;
    • Wycker Waterpoort, a medieval gate in Wyck, used for accessing the city from the Meuse, demolished in the 19th century but rebuilt shortly afterwards;
    • Hoge Fronten (or: Linie van Du Moulin), remnants of 17th and 18th-century fortifications, including a number of well-preserved bastions, couvrefaces, lunettes and dry moats;
    • Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century fortress on the flanks of Mount Saint Peter, offering guided tours and panoramic views of the city; and Fort Willem I, an early 19th-century fortress on the Caberg elevation;
    • Casemates, an underground network of tunnels, built as sheltered emplacements for guns and cannons. These connected tunnels built of brick and limestone run for around fourteen kilometres underneath the city's fortifications. Guided tours are available.
  • Binnenstad: inner-city pedestrianized district with popular shopping streets Grote and Kleine Staat, high-end shopping streets Stokstraat and Maastrichter Smedenstraat, and two indoor shopping centres. Several main sights in Maastricht as well as a large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants are centred around the three main squares in Binnenstad:
    • Vrijthof, the largest and possibly best-known square in Maastricht, with many well-known pubs and restaurants. Other sights include:
      • Basilica of Saint Servatius, a predominantly Romanesque church with an imposing westwork and important 12th and 13th-century sculptures; most notably the westwork interior figurative capitals, the westwork reredo, and the sculpted South Portal. The tomb of Saint Servatius in the crypt is a favoured place of pilgrimage. The church has an important church treasury;
      • Sint-Janskerk, a Gothic church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the city's main Protestant church since 1632, adjacent to the Basilica of Saint Servatius, with a distinctive limestone tower painted red;
      • Spaans Gouvernement ("Spanish Government Building"), a 16th-century former canon's house, later used as a residence for the Brabant and Habsburg rulers, now housing the Fotomuseum aan het Vrijthof;
      • Hoofdwacht, an 18th-century military guard house, built in the style of the Dutch Baroque, used for exhibitions;
      • Generaalshuis ("General's House"), a Neoclassical mansion, now the city's main theater (Theater aan het Vrijthof).
    • Onze Lieve Vrouweplein, a tree-lined square with a number of pavement cafes. Main sights:
      • Basilica of Our Lady, a partly 11th-century church, one of the Netherlands' most significant Romanesque buildings with an imposing Mosan westwork and an important church treasury. Perhaps best known for the shrine of Our Lady, Star of the Sea in an adjacent Gothic chapel;
      • Derlon Museumkelder, a permanent exhibition of ancient Roman remains in the basement of Hotel Derlon.
    • Markt, the town's historic market square. Sights include:
      • The Town Hall, built in the 17th century by Pieter Post and considered one of the highlights of Dutch Baroque architecture. Nearby is Dinghuis, the late medieval town hall and courthouse with an early Renaissance façade;
      • Mosae Forum, a shopping centre and civic building designed by Jo Coenen and Bruno Albert in the early 2000s. Inside the Mosae Forum parking garage there is a small exhibition of Citroën miniature cars;
      • Entre Deux, a rebuilt shopping centre in Postmodern style, which has won several international awards.[28] It includes a bookstore located inside a former 13th-century Dominican church. In 2008, British newspaper The Guardian proclaimed this the world's most beautiful bookshop.[29]
  • Jekerkwartier, a neighbourhood named after the small river Jeker, which pops up between old houses and remnants of city walls. The western part of the neighbourhood (named the Maastricht Latin Quarter) is dominated by university buildings and (performing) arts schools. Sights include:
    • several churches and monasteries: the 13th-century First Franciscan Monastery, the 17th-century "Veiled Sisters" and Bonnefanten monasteries, and the 18th-century Second Franciscan Monastery and Walloon and Lutheran churches;
    • Maastricht Natural History Museum, a small museum of natural history in a former monastery;
    • Grote Looiersstraat ("Great Tanners' Street"), a former canal that was filled in during the 19th century, lined with elegant houses, the city's poorhouse (now part of the university library) and Sint-Maartenshofje, a typically Dutch hofje.
  • Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier and Boschstraatkwartier, three relatively quiet inner city neighbourhoods with several monasteries, university buildings and industrial heritage building:
    • Crosier Monastery in Kommelkwartier, a well-preserved Gothic monastery, now a five-star hotel;
    • Sint-Matthiaskerk, a 14th-century parish church dedicated to Saint Matthew;
    • Sphinx Quarter, an upcoming neighbourhood and cultural hotspot in the north of the city centre. Several of the industrial buildings of the former Sphinx glass, crystal and ceramics factories have been transformed for new uses;
    • Bassin, a restored early 19th-century inner harbor surrounded by industrial heritage buildings, re-used as cultural venues, bars and restaurants.
  • Wyck, the old quarter on the right bank of the river Meuse.
    • Saint Martin's Church, a Gothic Revival church designed by Pierre Cuypers in 1856;
    • Rechtstraat and Hoogbrugstraat are the oldest streets in Wyck with many historic buildings and a mix of specialty shops, art galleries and restaurants;
    • Stationsstraat and Wycker Brugstraat are elegant streets with the majority of the buildings dating from the late 19th century. At the east end of Stationsstraat stands the Maastricht railway station from 1913.
  • Céramique, a modern neighbourhood on the site of the former Société Céramique potteries, including a park along the river Meuse (Charles Eyckpark) and a showcase of architectural highlights:
  • Sint-Pietersberg ("Mount Saint Peter"): modest hill and nature reserve south of the city, peaking at 171 metres (561 ft) above sea level. It serves as Maastricht's main recreation area and a viewing point. The main sights include:
    • Fort Sint-Pieter, an early 18th-century military fortress fully restored in recent years;
    • Caves of Maastricht aka Grotten Sint-Pietersberg, an underground network of man-made tunnels ("caves") in limestone quarries. Guided tours are available;
    • ENCI Quarry: a former quarry and nature reserve with several lakes, accessible via a spectacular staircase with viewing platforms;
    • Slavante, a 19th-century former gentlemen's club on the site of a Franciscan monastery (of which parts are still standing), now a popular hang-out, offering panoramic views over the Meuse valley;
    • Lichtenberg, a ruined medieval castle keep and an adjacent 18th-century farmstead;
    • D'n Observant ("The Observer"), an artificial hilltop, made with the spoils of a nearby quarry, now a nature reserve.

Museums in Maastricht

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Events and festivals

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  • Dies natalis, birthday of the University of Maastricht, with procession of university faculty to St. John's Church where honorary degrees are awarded (9 January).
  • Carnival (Maastrichtian: Vastelaovend) - a traditional three-day festival in the southern part of the Netherlands; in Maastricht mainly outdoors with typical Zaate Herremeniekes (February/March).
  • The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF), the world's leading art and antiques fair (March).
  • Tattoo Expo Maastricht, an anunual international tattoo exhibition (March).
  • Amstel Gold Race, an international cycling race which starts in Maastricht (usually April).
  • KunstTour, an annual art festival (May).
  • European Model United Nations (EuroMUN), an annual international conference (May).
  • Stadsprocessie, religious procession with reliquaries of Saint Servatius and other local saints (first Sunday after 13 May).
  • Pilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch: Heiligdomsvaart), pilgrimage with relics display and processions dating from the Middle Ages (May/June; once in 7 years; next: 2025).
  • Giants' Parade (Dutch: Reuzenstoet), parade of processional giants, mainly from Belgium and France (June; once in 5 years; next: 2024).
  • Maastrichts Mooiste, an annual running and walking event (June).
  • Fashionclash, international fashion event throughout the city (June).
  • Vrijthof concerts by André Rieu and the Johann Strauss Orchestra (July/August).
  • Preuvenemint, a large culinary event held on the Vrijthof square (August).
  • Inkom, the traditional opening of the academic year and introduction for new students of Maastricht University (August).
  • Musica Sacra, a festival of religious (classical) music (September).
  • Nederlandse Dansdagen (Netherlands Dance Days), a modern dance festival (October).
  • Jazz Maastricht, a jazz festival formerly known as Jeker Jazz (autumn).
  • 11de van de 11de (the 11th of the 11th), the official start of the carnival season (11 November).
  • Jumping Indoor Maastricht, an international concours hippique (showjumping) (November).
  • Magic Maastricht (Magisch Maastricht), a winter-themed funfair and Christmas market held on Vrijthof square and other locations throughout the city (December/January).

Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year.

Nature

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A pond in Stadspark, Maastricht's main park
 
Relaxing in Charles Eyckpark
 
Sheep on Mount Saint Peter
 
Jeker valley with vineyards

Parks

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There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht:[30]

  • Stadspark, the main public park in Maastricht, partly 19th-century, with remnants of the medieval city walls, a branch of the Jeker river, a mini-zoo and several public sculptures (e.g. the statue of d'Artagnan in Aldenhofpark, a 20th-century extension of Stadspark). Other extensions of the park are called Kempland, Henri Hermanspark, Monseigneur Nolenspark and Waldeckpark. From 2014 onwards, the grounds of the former Tapijn military barracks will be gradually added to the park;
  • Jekerpark, a new park along the river Jeker, separated from Stadspark by a busy road;
  • Frontenpark, a new park west of the city centre, incorporating parts of the fortifications of Maastricht from the 17th to 19th centuries;
  • Charles Eykpark, a modern park between the public library and Bonnefanten Museum on the east bank of the Meuse river, designed in the late 1990s by Swedish landscape architect Gunnar Martinsson.
  • Griendpark, a modern park on the east bank of the river with an inline-skating and skateboarding course.
  • Geusseltpark in eastern Maastricht and J.J. van de Vennepark in western Maastricht, both with elaborate sports facilities.

Natural areas

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  • The Meuse river and its green banks in outlying areas. In the northern areas around Itteren and Borgharen 'new nature' is being created in combination with river protection measures and gravel mining.[31]
  • Pietersplas, an artificial lake between Maastricht and Gronsveld that was the result of gravel pits on the banks of the Meuse river. There is a beach on the northern slope of the lake and a marina near Castle Hoogenweerth. The eastern riverbed between Pietersplas and the provincial government building is a nature reserve (Kleine Weerd).
  • The Jeker Valley, along the river Jeker, starts near the city centre in Stadspark and leads via Jekerpark to an area with green meadows, fertile fields, some vineyards on the slopes of Cannerberg, several water mills and Château Neercanne, and continues further south into Belgium.
  • The green flanks of Mount Saint Peter, including many footpaths.[32]
  • Dousberg and Zouwdal, a modest hill and valley surrounded by urban development on the western edge of the city, partly in Belgium. A large part of the hill is now in use as an international golf course (Golfclub Maastricht).[33]
  • Landgoederenzone, an extended area in the northeast of Maastricht (partly in Meerssen) consisting of around fifteen country estates, such as Severen, Geusselt, Bethlehem, Mariënwaard, Kruisdonk, Vaeshartelt, Meerssenhoven, Borgharen and Hartelstein. Some of the castles, villas and stately homes are surrounded by industrial areas or quarries.
  • Bike paths through agricultural areas in several outlying quarters (like "Biesland" and "Wolder").

Sports

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Student rowing club MSRV Saurus in Zuid-Willemsvaart
  • In football, Maastricht is represented by MVV Maastricht (Dutch: Maatschappelijke Voetbal Vereniging Maastricht), who (as of the 2016–2017 season) play in the Dutch first division of the national competition (which is the second league after the Eredivisie league). MVV's home is the Geusselt stadium near the A2 highway.
  • Maastricht is also home to the Maastricht Wildcats, an American Football League team and member of the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland).
  • Since 1998, Maastricht has been the traditional starting place of the annual Amstel Gold Race, the only Dutch cycling classic. For several years the race also finished in Maastricht, but since 2002 the finale has been in the municipality of Valkenburg. Tom Dumoulin was born in Maastricht.
  • Since 2000, Maastricht has been the first city in the Netherlands with a Lacrosse team. The Student Sport Association "Maaslax" is closely linked to Maastricht University and a member of the NLB (Nederlandse Lacrosse Bond).

Politics

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City council

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Parties 2014
[34] 		2018
[35] 		2022
[36]
Senioren Partij Maastricht (SPM) 6 5 5
CDA 5 5 4
D66 5 5 4
GroenLinks 4 5 4
PvdA 5 3 4
VVD 3 3 3
Partij Veilig Maastricht 3 3 3
SP 5 3 2
Party for the Animals (PvdD) – – 2
Volt – – 2
Party for Freedom (PVV) – 2 1
Liberale Partij Maastricht (LPM) 1 1 1
50PLUS (50+) – 1 1
Sociaal Actieve Burgerpartij (SAB) – 1 1
M:OED – 2 1
Forum for Democracy (FvD) – – 1
Stadsbelangen Mestreech (SBM) 1 – –
Christelijke Volkspartij (Maastricht) 1 – –
Total 39 39 39

The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected every four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election.

Aldermen and mayors

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The mayor and aldermen make up the executive branch of the municipal government.

The mayor from 2002, Gerd Leers (CDA), resigned in January 2010 following allegations of irregularities in a holiday villa project in Bulgaria owned by Leers.[37] He was replaced by Onno Hoes, a Liberal (VVD), the only male mayor in the country officially married to a man. In 2013 Hoes was subject to controversy after disclosures of intimate affairs with several other men, although he remained mayor.[38] After a new affair in 2014, Hoes eventually stepped down.[39]

From July 2015, Annemarie Penn-te Strake became mayor.[40] She was an independent serving no political party, although her husband was a former chairman[41] of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij.[42] She had served in the Dutch judicial system for many years, and during her tenure as mayor she still served as attorney general.[43] In July 2023 Wim Hillenaar (CDA) took over as mayor.[44]

Cannabis

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One controversial issue which dominated Maastricht politics for many years was the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the Dutch soft drug policy, individuals may buy cannabis from 'coffeeshops' under certain conditions. From the 1980s, Maastricht saw a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly from neighbouring Belgium, France and Germany. The city government attempted to reduce negative side effects, including illegal sale of hard drugs in the city centre and anti-social behaviour.

 
Two 'coffeeshop' boats at Maasboulevard

A 2008 proposal to relocate the coffeeshops to the outskirts of the city[45] was opposed by neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and by the Dutch and Belgian parliaments. In December 2010, a Maastricht law to restrict entry to coffeeshops to local residents was upheld by the Court of Justice of the European Union,[46] with the Dutch government introducing a similar national law in 2012.[47] The new system led to a reduction in drug tourism in Maastricht's cannabis shops, but an increase in drug dealing on the streets.[48] A 2018 Maastricht University study showed a substantial decline in drug nuisance since 2012, although criminal drug networks had grown due to police budget cuts.[49]

Transport

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A2 motorway and Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel
 
Maastricht main railway station
 
Arriva bus at Boschstraat
 
Maastricht Aachen Airport

By car

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Maastricht is served by the A2 and A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and from Amsterdam in about two and a half hours.

The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016.[50]

In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport or park and ride facilities away from the centre.

By train

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Maastricht is served by three rail operators, all of which call at the main Maastricht railway station near the centre and two of which call at the smaller Maastricht Randwyck, near the business and university district. Only Arriva also calls at Maastricht Noord, which opened in 2013. Intercity trains northwards to Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Utrecht are operated by Dutch Railways. The line to Heerlen, Valkenburg and Kerkrade is operated by Arriva. The National Railway Company of Belgium runs south to Liège in Belgium. The westbound railway to Hasselt (Belgium) closed in 1954. The former railway to Aachen was closed down in the 1980s. However, Aachen can still be reached via Heerlen.

By bus

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Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regional Arriva bus network extends to most parts of South Limburg and Aachen (Germany). Regional buses by De Lijn connect Maastricht with Hasselt, Tongeren and Maasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht with Liège, operated by TEC. Various bus companies such as Flixbus and Eurolines provide intercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations.

By air

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Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport (IATA: MST, ICAO: EHBK), in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about 10 kilometres (6 miles) north of the city centre. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair which operate scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, North-Africa and also London Stansted Airport from March 2022. There are also charter flights to Lourdes which are operated by Enter Air.

By boat

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Maastricht has a river port (Beatrixhaven) and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège.

Distances to other cities

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These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances.

Education

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Maastricht University, Campus Randwyck
 
Students at work at UM Law School
 
Hotel Management School at Bethlehem Castle

Secondary education

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Tertiary education

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Other

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International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands

Twin towns

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Maastricht is twinned with:

Notable people

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See also: Category:People from Maastricht
 
Peter Debye
 
Tom Dumoulin
 
Jan Pieter Minckeleers
 
Henrietta d'Oultremont
 
André Rieu
 
Victor de Stuers

Born in Maastricht

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Residing in Maastricht

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Saint Servatius

Local anthem

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In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): Mestreechs Volksleed, Dutch: Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian, written by Alfons Olterdissen. The theme was originally composed by his brother, Guus Olterdissen, though the theme is similar to the theme "Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire" of the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). It is unknown if the Olterdissen brothers were aware of the Romanian piece.[51]

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Vrijthof square, early morning

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ "Mrs. Annemarie Penn-te Strake" [Mr. Annemarie Penn-te Strake] (in Dutch). Gemeente Maastricht. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  2. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Postcodetool for 6211DW". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  4. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland" [Regional core figures Netherlands]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  6. ^ Including the Belgian municipalities of Lanaken, Riemst and Maasmechelen to the west and Visé to the south.
  7. ^ Basically, the metropolitan areas of Maastricht, Liège, Hasselt-Genk, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen-Kerkrade and Aachen-Düren constitute the densely populated urban core of the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion.
  8. ^ "Maastricht". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Maastricht" (US) and "Maastricht". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Maastricht". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Zicht op Maastricht". zichtopmaastricht.nl. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  12. ^ "The Economist Charlemagne: Return to Maastricht Oct 8th 2011". Economist.com. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  13. ^ As Treiectinsem urbem, "the city of Trajectum", in Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, 2, 5 Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine (late 6th ct.).
  14. ^ M. Gysseling, Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226) (Tongeren, 1960) p. 646.
  15. ^ Bredero, Adriaan H. (1994), Christendom and Christianity in the Middle Ages: The Relations Between Religion, Church, and Society, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 352, ISBN 978-0-8028-4992-2.
  16. ^ About 77% of Maastricht's relatively small Jewish community of 505 members did not survive the war. P.J.H. Ubachs & I.M.H. Evers (2005): Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht, pp. 256-257. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. ISBN 90-5730-399-X.
  17. ^ Gnesotto, N. (1992). European union after Minsk and Maastricht. International Affairs. 68(2), 223-232.
  18. ^ Maastricht Van onze verslaggever. "Coffee Corner: Dagblad de Limburger". Limburger.nl. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  19. ^ "Klimaatviewer". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  20. ^ "Daggegevens van het weer in Nederland". Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  21. ^ "Climatologie de l'année à Maastricht" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  22. ^ "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, nationaliteit en regio, 1 januari (in Dutch)". Bevolking; Geslacht, Leeftijd, Nationaliteit en Regio, 1 Januari. 2014. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: 1. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  23. ^ "Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio (in Dutch)". Bevolking Op 1 Januari; Leeftijd, Geboorteland en Regio. 201w. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek: 1. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  24. ^ Gussenhoven, C. & Aarts, F. (1999). "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
  25. ^ Kessels-van der Heijde, Maria (2002). Maastricht, Maestricht, Mestreech. Hilversum, Netherlands: Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9065507132. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  26. ^ "Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek, 2010/2013". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
  27. ^ 'Religie en kerkbezoek naar gemeente 2010-2014', on website cbs.nl, 13 May 2015 (download Excel file).
  28. ^ "Entre Deux". Entredeux.nl. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  29. ^ "Top shelves". The Guardian. London. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
  30. ^ "Category:Parks in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org.
  31. ^ "Category:Meuse River in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org.
  32. ^ "Category:Sint Pietersberg - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org.
  33. ^ "Category:Dousberg - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org.
  34. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2014". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 19 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  35. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2018". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 21 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Maastricht municipal election 2022". www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl (in Dutch). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Maastrichtse burgemeester Leers stapt op" [Maastricht mayor Leers resigns]. NU.nl (in Dutch). ANP. 14 January 2010.
  38. ^ "Onno Hoes mag blijven". Telegraaf. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  39. ^ Grindstad, Ingrid. "Maastricht mayor Hoes resigns amidst sex smear campaign", NL Times, Amsterdam, 10 December 2014. Retrieved on 10 December 2014.
  40. ^ "Annemarie Penn geïnstalleerd als burgemeester Maastricht". 1 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  41. ^ "Olaf Penn stopt bij Senioren Partij Maastricht". 1Limburg. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  42. ^ "Annemarie Penn nieuwe burgemeester Maastricht - NU - Het laatste nieuws het eerst op NU.nl". www.nu.nl. 23 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Mr. J.M. Penn-te Strake - Openbaar Ministerie". 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015.
  44. ^ "Benoeming burgemeester Maastricht". rijksoverheid.nl/ (in Dutch). 9 June 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  45. ^ Simons, Marlise (2018). "Cannabis Cafes Get Nudge to Fringes of a Dutch City". The New York Times, 20 August 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  46. ^ "Marc Michel Josemans v. Burgemeester van Maastricht, case C‑137/09". Court of Justice of the European Union. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.
  47. ^ "Weed pass sparks new problems". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2024.Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Theo Sniekers (24 July 2017). "Vier Limburgse steden in landelijke top 6 qua drugsoverlast']". limburger.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  49. ^ Pascale Thewissen (4 October 2018). "Meer zicht krijgen op georganiseerde drugsnetwerken". limburger.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 April 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  50. ^ "A2maastricht.nl - Homepage A2 Maastricht". www.a2maastricht.nl. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
  51. ^ Municipality of Maastricht (2008). "Municipality of Maastricht: Maastrichts Volkslied". N.A. Maastricht. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Literature
  • Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800. Amsterdam: NEHA. ISBN 9057420082.

Bibliography

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See also: Bibliography of the history of Maastricht
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