Miroslav Lajčák (born 20 March 1963) is a Slovak politician and diplomat, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Slovak Republic.[1] In addition, Lajčák also served as President of the United Nations General Assembly for the 72nd session from 2017 until 2018.[2]
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A key figure in the mediation of the post-conflict crises in the Western Balkans, Lajčák also served as Executive Assistant to the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Balkans from 1999 to 2001. He negotiated, organized and supervised the referendum on the independence of Montenegro in 2006 on behalf of the European Union.
From 2007 to 2009, Lajčák served as High Representative of the International Community and European Union Special Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During his tenure, Bosnia and Herzegovina signed the landmark Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Union.[3]
Currently Lajčák is the EU Special Representative for the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue and other Western Balkan regional issues, a position he assumed on 2 April 2020.[4]
Biography
editEducation and private life
editLajčák attended primary school in Stará Ľubovňa. In 1977 his family moved to Bratislava, where he enrolled in grammar school on Bilíková Street. He finished the final year of his secondary education at grammar school in Banská Štiavnica. Later he studied law at the Comenius University in Bratislava for a year before he obtained a master's degree in international relations from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). As a student, he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. He also studied at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.[5]
He has received several state honours, including the Order of the Yugoslav Star, 1st Class in 2005,[6] the Order of Honour of the Republic of Moldova in 2014,[7] the Order of the Montenegrin Great Star in 2016,[8] the Royal Order of the Polar Star awarded by Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf in 2020[9] and the Order Star of Romania in the rank Grand Officer also in 2020.[10]
Lajčák has also received honorary doctorates by the following institutions: UNWE University of National and World Economy (Bulgaria),[11] University of Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina),[12] MGIMO Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Russia),[13] National University of Political Studies and Public Administration (Romania)[14] and University of Montenegro (Montenegro).[15]
Apart from his native Slovak, Lajčák is fluent in English, German, Russian, French and the South Slavic languages, including Bulgarian.[16]
Diplomatic career (1988–2005)
editA member of the Communist Party, Lajčák joined the Czechoslovak foreign ministry in 1988. Between 1991 and 1993 Lajčák was posted to the Czechoslovak and subsequently Slovak embassy in Moscow.
Upon his return to Slovakia in 1993 to the newly established Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia, he took an active part in forming the national Foreign Service. He became Director of the Cabinet of the Foreign Minister and later on Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister Jozef Moravčík.[17]
In 1994, he was appointed Slovak Ambassador to Japan, becoming the youngest-ever Head of Diplomatic Mission of Slovakia. At the age of 31, he was also the youngest foreign ambassador in Japan. In 1998 after his posting to Japan he returned to the Foreign Ministry to become for the second time Director of Slovakia Foreign Minister’s Cabinet.[17]
His international engagements started in 1999 when he served as the Executive Assistant to the United Nations Secretary–General ́s Special Envoy for the Balkans, Eduard Kukan (until 2001).[18]
Between 2001 and 2005, Lajčák was based in Belgrade as Slovakia's Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro), with accreditation also on Albania and the Republic of Macedonia.
Following his term in Belgrade, he was named Political Director at the Foreign Ministry of Slovakia (2005-2007).[18]
Supervisor of Montenegro's independence referendum (2005)
editIn 2005 the EU diplomacy chief Javier Solana called Lajčák to supervise the 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, which was approved with a 55.5% of favourable votes.[19][20] Serbs and Montenegrins remember him as a tough though fair negotiator [citation needed].
International High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–2009)
editOn 30 June 2007. Solana again chose Lajčák to succeed to Christian Schwarz-Schilling as the double-hatted High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina/EU Special Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (OHR/EUSR).[21] With a mandate from the UN Security Council, he liaised regularly with the United Nations and reported periodically to the Security Council. During his tenure, BiH signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU, the most remarkable integration success of the country for many years to come. He also launched activities to reach out to the population including speaking tours and a website for dialogue with citizens.[22]
He was soon acclaimed as "person of the year" by both Banja Luka-based Nezavisne novine[23][24] and Sarajevo-based Dnevni Avaz[25] dailies.
Lajčák acted in 2007–09 in line with a moderately strong role of the OHR (using Bonn powers more than Schwarz-Schilling but less than Paddy Ashdown); critics of the international supervision of Bosnia and Herzegovina, including David Chandler, pointed to his "authoritarian stance" as responsible for creating a further crisis by trying to impose major institutional change and alter the Dayton peace agreement framework without domestic ownership or legitimacy.[26] Lajčák is deemed to have achieved results on the ground but at the price of endangering the credibility of EU conditionality by accepting merely cosmetic legal changes. He left BiH in January 2009 after being nominated to serve as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia.
Lajčák did resort to the use of the Bonn Powers in the crisis related to the 2007 Law on the Council of Ministers, which caused a showdown with Milorad Dodik’s SNSD.[27] The law, aimed at revising decision-making procedures to make the BiH government less prone to blockages, triggered the resignation of the Bosnian prime minister Nikola Špirić (SNSD) and withdrawal of Bosnian Serbs from state institutions. The OHR then published an “authentic interpretation” of the law, claiming that it did not intend to change the composition of the Council of Ministers.[28] Lajčák also removed RS police officials deemed complicit in war crimes.[29] Upon instructions of Solana,[30] Lajčák contented himself of cosmetic changes to bring to an end the police reform saga,[31] leading to the signature of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the EU in June 2008, despite claims that the EU had lost his credibility by lowering the bar which had been set by Paddy Ashdown in 2005.
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia (2009–2010, 2012–2020)
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From 26 January 2009 until July 2010, Lajčák served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in Robert Fico's First Cabinet.[32]
From December 2010 to April 2012 Lajčák served as Managing Director for Europe and Central Asia in the EU's External Action Service.[33]
In April 2012 Lajčák was appointed again, as an independent, to the post of foreign minister and deputy prime minister in Robert Fico's Second Cabinet.[34] In addition, he became Chairman of the Government's Council for Human Rights, National Minorities and Gender Equality.[22]
After the 2014 Bosnian general election, he encouraged Dodik's SNSD party to enter the government coalition, despite having lost the Presidency seat, claiming that "new authorities must have legitimacy."[35]
After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, in May 2014, he visited Moscow and met with the Russian foreign minister Lavrov and deputy prime minister Dmitry Rogozin. Rogozin and Lajčák were co-chairs of a joint Slovak-Russian cooperation body.[36]
In November 2015 Slovakia voted against Kosovo's membership in UNESCO. Lajčák later explained that Slovakia wanted Belgrade and Pristina to interpret it as a message, that the international community expects parties to submit such proposals on the basis of mutual agreement and consent. "Our interest is to strengthen the dialogue. One of the reasons why we took a negative attitude is that the issue was not the subject of the dialogue and we are afraid it could worsen it," he added.[37]
In 2016 Lajčák called on the EU to abandon its “ideological” approach to Russia.[38]
In October 2018, he threatened to freeze relations with Vietnam over the case of a Vietnamese businessman who was kidnapped by Vietnamese agents and smuggled back home through Slovakia.[39]
In November 2018, Lajčák lambasted as "anti-democratic" the proposed Kosovo–Serbia land swap and cautioned against the regional repercussions of such a proposal.[40]
Since 2019, Lajčák has been serving on the Transatlantic Task Force of the German Marshall Fund and the Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung (BKHS), co-chaired by Karen Donfried and Wolfgang Ischinger.[41]
Between the EU-facilitated 5 August political agreement and the December breakthrough on a new SNSD-led government, on 27 Oct 2019, Lajčák invited both Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čović to Bratislava for “international mediation” which paved the way for BiH adopting its ANP with NATO.[42]
Lajčák announced in November 2019 that he would leave Slovak politics following the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election.
EEAS Managing Director for Europe and Central Asia (2010–2012)
editFrom 2010 to 2012, Lajčák helped shape the newly formed diplomatic service of the European Union, the European External Action Service, as its Managing Director for Europe and Central Asia. In addition, he also served as the EU's Chief Negotiator for the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and Moldova–European Union Association Agreement, as well as the EU Representative for the 5+2 Talks on the Transnistrian Settlement Process.[43]
Slovak Republic Presidency of the Council of the EU (2016)
editIn June 2016, Slovakia took over the Presidency of the EU Council.[44] In his speech presenting the priorities for the Slovak Presidency Lajčák said "Today, we call the EU our home, the euro our currency and Schengen our area. The Presidency is the culmination of our integration journey. We are at the core of Europe. And we are grateful for that because we were given a lot. It's time to give back."[45]
In November 2016, following revelations by a whistleblower, Transparency International Slovakia accused Lajčák of dubious procurement contracts during the Slovak EU Council Presidency.[46][47] The accusation was never proven.
From May 2016, Lajčák was one official candidate for the Eastern European Group to succeed to Ban Ki-moon during the 2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection;[48] he ended up in the second place after the current UN Secretary-General, António Guterres.
President of the United Nations General Assembly (2017–2018)
editLajčák also served as President of the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly from 2017 to 2018 where he advocated for dialogue, strengthening multilateralism and the need to serve all people. He was the first president to publish his financial disclosure summary.[49]
OSCE Chairperson-in-Office (2019)
editIn 2019, Lajčák was particularly active in East and South-East Europe as Chairperson-in-office of the OSCE. Slovakia's OSCE Chairmanship focused on people, dialogue and stability.[50] During his tenure, Lajčák visited 15 OSCE field presences[51] to highlight the OSCE's important work on the ground, and held high-level talks with interlocutors in the OSCE region, including Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in February,[52] June,[53] and September 2019,[54] as well as US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in April 2019.[55] Ahead of the 26th OSCE Ministerial Council, Lajčák shared his Bratislava Appeal, an informal initiative addressed to foreign ministers from across the OSCE area arguing for more support to the OSCE and multilateralism.[56]
EU Special Representative for the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue and other Western Balkan regional issues (2020)
editOn 2 April 2020, Lajčák was appointed by the EU Council as EU Special Representative for the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue and other Western Balkan regional issues. His 12-months mandate includes the tasks to achieve comprehensive normalization of the relations between Serbia and Kosovo, improve good neighborly relations and reconciliation between partners in the Western Balkans, helping them overcome the legacy of the past, and contribute to the consistency and effectiveness of EU action in the Western Balkans.[57] His mandate has been since extended twice.[58]
Personal life
editLajčák is married to Jarmila Lajčáková-Hargašová (born 1966), a TV news presenter. They have two daughters.[59]
Other activities
edit- European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member[60]
- Friends of Europe, Member of the Board of Trustees
- GLOBSEC, Member of the International Advisory Council[61]
- European Alpbach Forum, Member of the International Advisory Board [62]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ (www.aglo.sk), AGLO solutions. "Members of the Government - Úrad vlády SR". www.vlada.gov.sk.
- ^ "President of the 72nd Session - General Assembly of the United Nations". www.un.org.
- ^ "Mr. Miroslav Lajčák, president of the 72nd session of the United Nations General Assembly". Africa Renewal. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "L_2021096EN.01001301.xml". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/infoBios/setimes/resource_centre/bio-archive/lajcak_miroslav [bare URL]
- ^ "Miroslav Lajčák". osce.org. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "M. Lajčák in Kishinev: "I am convinced the Eastern Partnership project makes sense" - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "High recognition for Slovakia and Lajčák in Montenegro - Activities - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "King of Sweden Awards Minister Lajčák with a Royal Award - Activities - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ "President of Romania Presents Lajčák with Prestigious Award - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
- ^ UNWE (27 October 2019). "Miroslav Lajcak Was Awarded the Honorary Title of Doctor Honoris Causa of UNWE". www.unwe.bg. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Miroslav Lajčák Awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of Mostar - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Slovak Foreign Minister Becomes Honorary Doctor of MGIMO". english.mgimo.ru. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Press Release: ASSEMBLY PRESIDENT VISITS ROMANIA, HIGHLIGHTS CRUCIAL ROLE OF MULTILATERALISM | General Assembly of the United Nations". www.un.org. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "M. Lajčák Wraps up His Visit to Montenegro - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ "Miroslav Lajčák - Slovakia´s candidate for UN Secretary-General - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Letter dated 25 May 2016 from the Permanent Representative of Slovakia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council". undocs.org.
- ^ a b "Secretary-General Election 1 June 2016" (PDF). United Nations.
- ^ "Montenegro declares independence". 4 June 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
- ^ EU wins Montenegro's support for its referendum formula, published on 2006/02/27.
- ^ "Diplo - Startseite - HTTP Status 404". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Secretary-General Election 1 June 2016" (PDF). UNDocs.
- ^ "Lajčák is person of the year in Bosnia" (in Slovak). SME. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
Article in Nezavisne novine
- ^ http://www.nezavisne.com/vijesti.php?meni=2&vijest=18017 [bare URL]
- ^ "Lajčák person of the year again" (in Slovak). SME. 29 December 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
- ^ Chandler, David (20 November 2007). "Response: The high representative for Bosnia still runs it like a feudal fiefdom". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ McEvoy, Joanne (2015). Power-Sharing Executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4651-3.
- ^ McEvoy, Joanne (2015). Power-Sharing Executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4651-3.
- ^ Lamont, Dr Christopher K. (28 March 2013). International Criminal Justice and the Politics of Compliance. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-9960-2.
- ^ Petersen, Roger D. (30 September 2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50330-3.
- ^ Koneska, Cvete (1 April 2016). After Ethnic Conflict: Policy-making in Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-18396-9.
- ^ "CONSILIUM - Miroslav Lajčák". www.consilium.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011.
- ^ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - EU High Representative Catherine Ashton appoints two Managing Directors for the External Action Service". europa.eu.
- ^ Slovak Foreign Policy After the 2012 Elections: What To Expect, published on 2012/05/09.
- ^ "Analiziraj".
- ^ "Slovakia nurtures special ties to Russia, despite EU sanctions". www.euractiv.com. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Slovak FM explains his country's vote against Pristina's bid". B92.net. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "EU must change 'ideological' policy on Russia, says Slovak FM". EUobserver. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Tatiana Jancarikova (October 20, 2018), Slovakia threatens to freeze relations with Vietnam over kidnapping case Reuters.
- ^ "Slovakia's Lajcak: Serbia-Kosovo Land Swap 'Anti-Democratic'". 22 November 2018.
- ^ The German Marshall Fund and Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung Launch “Transatlantic Task Force” Setting Path Forward for U.S.-Europe Relations Archived 2019-12-14 at the Wayback Machine German Marshall Fund, press release of December 12, 2019.
- ^ "Lajčák Talks with Dodik and Čović - Current Issues - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk.
- ^ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "The priorities of the Slovak Republic Presidency of the Council of the EU". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Introduction of the vision and priorities of the Slovak Presidency in Brussels - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "How I Left the Ministry of Foreign Affairs due to Dubious Procurement Contracts > Transparency International Slovensko". Transparency International Slovensko. 30 November 2016.
- ^ Gabrizova, Zuzana (22 November 2016). "Transparency International looks into Slovak Presidency accounting".
- ^ "Slovak Foreign Minister Eyes UN Sec Gen Post". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
- ^ Sewell Chan (May 11, 2018), Macau Tycoon Gets 4 Years in Prison for Bribing U.N. Diplomats New York Times.
- ^ "Programme of the Slovak OSCE Chairmanship 2019". www.osce.org. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Statement by Miroslav Lajčák, OSCE Chairperson-in-Office and Minister for Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia". www.osce.org. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Lavrov to hold talks with Slovak foreign minister on February 19". TASS. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Lajčák talks with Lavrov in Saint Petersburg - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Miroslav Lajčák in Talks with Sergey Lavrov and Other Partners, in New York - News Detail - Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic". www.mzv.sk. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "We apologize for the inconvenience..."
- ^ "OSCE Chair Lajčák kicks off 26th Ministerial Council with his 'Bratislava Appeal'; calls for increased flexibility and willingness to compromise". www.osce.org.
- ^ EU Council, 3 April 2020
- ^ "L_2021096EN.01001301.xml". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ CV, MSV.sk
- ^ Members European Council on Foreign Relations.
- ^ International Advisory Council GLOBSEC.
- ^ International Advisory Council Alpbach.
External links
edit
Media related to Miroslav Lajčák at Wikimedia Commons- Official curriculum vitae of Lajčák (as of 2012)
