Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, GCMG, KCSI, KCIE, PC (14 February 1850 – 8 June 1924) was a British diplomat and member of the Indian Civil Service. He is best-known as the namesake for the Durand Line, which serves as the international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Sir Henry Mortimer Durand | |
|---|---|
 Portrait, c. 1904 | |
| Born | 14 February 1850 |
| Died | 8 June 1924 (aged 74) Polden, Somerset, United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Education | Blackheath Proprietary School |
| Occupation | Diplomat |
| Employer | Indian Civil Service |
| Known for | Delimiting the Durand Line to mark the erstwhile Afghanistan–India international border |
| Father | Henry Marion Durand |
| Signature | |
 | |
Early life and education
editBorn at Sehore, Bhopal, India, he was the son of Sir Henry Marion Durand, the Resident of Baroda and he was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, and Tonbridge School.[1]
Career
editDurand entered the Indian Civil Service in 1873. He served as the Political Secretary in Kabul during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880); was Foreign Secretary of India from 1884 to 1894; and appointed Minister plenipotentiary at Tehran in 1894, where despite being a Persian scholar and fluently speaking the language and he made little impression either in Tehran or on his superiors in London. He left Persia in March 1900,[2] by which time owing to the illness of his wife Ella he had withdrawn from social life and the legation was in a depressed and disorganised state. He served as British Ambassador to Spain from 1900 to 1903, and as Ambassador to the United States from 1903 to 1906.
He was appointed a CSI in 1881[3] knighted with a KCIE in 1888,[4] and a KCSI in 1894[5] and appointed a GCMG in 1900.[6]
Durand unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative candidate for Plymouth in the January 1910 United Kingdom general election.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liberal | Charles Mallet | 8,091 | 25.8 | −3.2 | |
| Liberal | Aneurin Williams | 7,961 | 25.5 | −3.9 | |
| Conservative | Waldorf Astor | 7,650 | 24.5 | +3.2 | |
| Conservative | Mortimer Durand | 7,556 | 24.2 | +3.9 | |
| Majority | 311 | 1.0 | −6.7 | ||
| Turnout | 87.9 | +2.6 | |||
| Registered electors | 18,085 | ||||
| Liberal hold | Swing | −3.2 | |||
| Liberal hold | Swing | −3.9 | |||
Legacy
editAfghanistan–Pakistan border
editThe Durand Line is named after Sir Mortimer and remains the international border between Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan that is officially recognized by all countries apart from Afghanistan. The border is an ongoing point of contention between the two countries, as Afghanistan unilaterally disputes the legitimacy of the border.
In 1884 Durand informed Abdur Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, the frontier between modern-day Pakistan (the successor state of British India) and Afghanistan that the garrison of Panjdeh had been slaughtered on the orders of the Russian General Komarov. The Russians wished to stop British occupation of Herat, so Durand was despatched to prevent "the strained relations which then existed between Russia and ourselves," wrote the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, and "might in itself have proved the occasion of a long miserable war." Tensions at home in British newspapers heightened the urgency of the incident, threatening war in Central Asia, which Rahman was desperate to avoid. A telephone line was kept open between Lord Granville and Count Giers in St Petersburg.[10]
Sir Mortimer was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for the purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the Joint Boundary Commission between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions along the same lines as in 1873, except for the southward salient at Panjdeh. The British made it clear that any further extension towards Herat would amount to a declaration of war. Rahman showed his usual ability in diplomatic argument, his tenacity where his own views or claims were in debate, with a sure underlying insight into the real situation. A Royal Commission was established to demarcate the boundary between Afghanistan and the British-governed India. The two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, near Khost Afghanistan. From the British side the camp was attended by Mortimer Durand and Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum, the Political Agent for Khyber. The Afghans were represented by Sahibzada Abdul Latif and Governor Sardar Shireendil Khan representing Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.[11] The territorial exchanges were amicably agreed upon; the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed. The Durand Road in Lahore is also named after him.
Durand Cup
editIn 1888, Durand founded a football tournament in Shimla to promote the value of sports as a means to maintain health, as well as to encourage sporting competition in India. It would later be named after him.[12][13]
Death
editThere is a misconception regarding the grave of Mortimer Durand, leading to the mistaken belief that he is buried in Pakistan. However, in reality, he died in Polden, Somerset, England, and was laid to rest there.[14] The grave that has been associated with him actually belongs to his father, Sir Henry Marion Durand.
Published works
editFrom 1906, after his return to England, he devoted his time to writing.
He also published the biography of his father, General Henry Marion Durand (1812–1871), and also had ambitions as a novelist, often with his wife, Lady E. R. Durand (1852–1913), as a co-author. Some of his publications are:
- Nadir Shah: An Historical Novel (1908)
- The Life of Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1913)
- The Life of Field-Marshal Sir George White, V.C. (1915)
- The Thirteenth Hussars in the Great War (1921)
- An Autumn Tour in Western Persia (1902) is by his wife E. R. Durand
References
edit- ^ Riddick, John (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. p. 258. ISBN 978-0313322808. OCLC 836279503.
- ^ "Court Circular". The Times. No. 36085. 9 March 1900. p. 6.
- ^ The London Gazette. The London Gazette. 1 March 1881. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Great Britain. India Office (1905). The India List and India Office List for 1905. Harrison and Sons. p. 145. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ^ London Gazette. The London Gazette. 2 January 1894. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ London Gazette. The London Gazette. 1 June 1900. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ The Liberal year book, 1907. Harvester Press. 1972. ISBN 0-85527-362-3. OCLC 502269489.
- ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1974). British parliamentary election results, 1885–1918. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-16903-4. OCLC 1043610.
- ^ Debrett's House of Commons, Dean, 1867, OCLC 1042911184 Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
- ^ Hopkirk, Peter (2016). The Great Game : On Secret Service in High Asia. John Murray. pp. 430–431. ISBN 978-0-7195-6447-5. OCLC 970607666.
- ^ Sahibzada Zahoor Ahmad (13 July 2003). "Hazrat Sahibzada Abdul Latif Shaheed" (in Urdu). Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "The Durand Cup – About". durandcup.in. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Upadhyay, Somesh (22 December 2010). "Indian Football : Ah! Those golden days..." www.sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
- Bibliography
- Adye, Gen Sir John (1897). Indian Frontier Policy. Smith, Elder, & Co. OCLC 62690257.
- Coen, T.C. (1971). The Indian Political Service. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0701115791. OCLC 155780.
- Durand, Col Algernon (1899). The Making of a Frontier Five Years' Experiences and Adventures in Gilgit, Hunsa, Nagar, Chitral and the Eastern Hindu-Kush. OCLC 897645456.
- Marvin, Charles (1885). "The Russians at the Gate of Herat". Science. 5 (117): 368–369. Bibcode:1885Sci.....5..368.. doi:10.1126/science.ns-5.117.368. PMID 17743871.
- Riddick, John (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0313322808. OCLC 836279503.
External links
edit
- The papers of Henry Marion Durand, including diaries, correspondence, memoranda, literary papers, photographs and presscuttings are held by SOAS Special Collections Archived 3 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Digitised items from the collections may be viewed online here Archived 25 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine.