Naemyeongbu (Korean: 내명부; Hanja: 內命婦), literally Women of the Internal Court, was a category of rank in the royal court of Joseon that referred to concubines and female officials living within the palaces. It was separate from the Oemyeongbu (Korean: 외명부; Hanja: 外命婦) category, which consisted of royal women living outside the palace.[1]
| Naemyeongbu | |
 | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 내명부 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Naemyeongbu |
| McCune–Reischauer | Naemyŏngbu |
Definition
editAlthough regulations concerning court ladies were introduced under King Taejo, detailed definitions of ranks, titles, and duties were outlined in the State Code of Joseon, promulgated under King Seongjong, where the term naemyeongbu appears.[2]
Naemyeongbu comprised women serving at court and living in the palaces, but excluded the Queen Consort and the Queens Dowager who were beyond rank and oversaw the court ladies.[1] By contrast, gungnyeo refers to all women at court below the senior 1st rank.[2]
Within the naemyeongbu, the naegwan (Korean: 내관; Hanja: 內官) were concubines from the senior 1st rank to junior 4th rank, and they did not play any role in the household chores of the palace.
Ladies from the senior 5th rank to junior 9th rank were called gunggwan (Korean: 궁관; Hanja: 宮官), or alternatively yeogwan and nain.[2] They were responsible for various palace chores depending on their position and might work in the royal chambers, kitchen, or laundry.[1]
Recruitment
editNaegwan
editQueens and Crown Princesses
edit
The legal spouse of a King or Crown Prince during the Joseon period was selected through a specific procedure that differed from matchmaking practices common outside the royal family. The government issued a ban on marriages in noble households throughout the country, indicating that unmarried daughters of the aristocracy between the ages of 13 and 17 were potential candidates.[3] Depending on the age of the crown prince, girls as young as 9 were sometimes considered, which occurred in the selections of Lady Hyegyeong and Queen Sinjeong. A temporary department called the Office of the Royal Wedding (가례도감; 嘉禮都監) was installed to manage all relevant tasks.[4]
On announcement of the marriage ban, aristocratic families were required to submit details of their unmarried daughters' birth dates and times, as well as the family's genealogical records up to three generations.[5] Candidates were required to be beautiful in appearance and virtuous in character. Those who were not considered physically attractive were disqualified, regardless of their family lineage or virtue.[4] Five to six candidates were selected based on this, which was whittled down to two or three candidates in the second stage, with the bride-to-be selected in the third round.[5] This third presentation was conducted in the presence of the King and Queen Dowager, who consulted the three state councillors before making the final decision.[4]
After selection, gifts of silk and jewellery were sent to the bride's family, and the bride moved to a detached palace where she was instructed in palace etiquette.[4][6] The wife of a King was then formally invested as Queen, after which she moved into the palace to undergo a consummation ceremony. The next day, she was greeted by all palace staff, after which she went to greet the Queen Dowager(s). An invested Queen of Joseon would then receive formal recognition from the Emperor of China acknowledging her legitimacy.[5]
Despite the benefits of one's daughter being selected as the primary wife of the King or Crown Prince, aristocratic families were often reticent to marry their daughters into the royal family and quickly arranged marriages for their young daughters when a selection was anticipated.[7] One lady of the Gwon clan even feigned insanity during the presentation to avoid being chosen as Crown Princess.[8]
The Royal Queenship
editIn the Joseon Dynasty, the rank between Queens was determined by the position of the reigning King and was divided into three distinct positions i.e
The Royal Grand Queen Dowager (Taewangtaebi Mama) was either the reigning King's Grandmother or on the other hand, the Eldest Dowager of two Widow Queens present in the Palace.
The Royal Queen Dowager (Wangtaebi Mama) was either the King's mother in most cases or the Immediate Royal Widow of the previous King
The Queen Consort (Wangbi Mama or Jungjeon) was the incumbent Principal Consort of the Reigning King by official amendment.
Each of these positions could only be occupied by one individual with the exception of one time in which the Queens Insu and Inhye both served as Royal Queens Dowager during the reign of King Seongjong(r. 1469–1494) and as Grand Queens Dowager during the reign of King Yeonsan(r. 1494–1506) which was the first and last time it happened in the Joseon Dynasty and Queen Insu apparently outranked Inhye, her counterpart even though her Husband never reigned as King.
As such with the absence of a Queen in the Naemyeongbu, the most senior Dowager Present who was also considered the most able served as a nominal head of the institution and oversaw all the Court Ladies and Palace servants until a Queen was chosen or returned to the Palace. However, even if the Queen headed the harem and the Inner Court, the presence of the elderly widows implied that as they could not be subject to the Queen because of their Senior rank. Instead they supervised her activities and ensured that she was governing the ladies of the Palace efficiently. In fact, it was chiefly the influence of the Dowager Queen that challenged a Queen Consort's hegemony as they were able to have the latter Deposed if her behaviour was deemed inappropriate or even elevated to the position of a Dowager Queen or the Queen Consortship, however, she could not appoint a Dowager Queen or Depose her.
Royal concubines
editIf the Queen Consort did not produce a male heir, similar formal procedures as those used to select the Queen were followed to recruit royal concubines. Women thus selected entered the palace with the junior 2nd rank at the minimum, and they would be granted a special title if they had a son who became Crown Prince.[3] Royal concubines were sometimes selected from women up to the age of 20.[4]
Gunggwan
edit
Court ladies of the senior 5th to junior 9th ranks were recruited through various processes depending on the role. They were originally selected from among female servants who worked for public offices or the daughters of gisaeng, but gradually daughters of respectable families came to be recruited. To avoid their daughters being taken into the palace, many such families married off their daughters very young, leading to a revision to the State Code that girls born to good families would not be recruited.[9] However, Lee Bae-yong suggests that this rule probably only applied to court ladies of the lower ranks, whereas those working closely with the King or Queen potentially continued to be recruited from good families.[10]
Girls were recruited between ages 4 to 10, and successful candidates were bound to live their entire lives in the palace. The young girls were trained in their duties and taught to write in Korean vernacular script, as well as some Chinese characters. They began formally working around ages 11 to 12, with a coming-of-age ceremony held when they turned 18.[10]
A woman only became eligible to hold the rank of sanggung (senior 5th) after 35 years of service.[1] Both the head sanggung as well as the sanggung who personally attended the King or Queen could hold tremendous influence and power, but they typically lost it if a new monarch or consort was installed.[10]
Ranks
editAt the Top was the Royal Grand Queen Dowager ("taewangtaebi") or in some instances a Royal Queen Dowager ("wangtaebi") The Queen Consort (jungjeon; 중전) came second or third in rank depending on the type of Dowager that was present and was immediately followed by 4 categories of high-ranked royal consorts, with 2 levels each: senior (jeong, 정) and junior (jong, 종).
For the rank of Bin, the King or Queen would attach a prefix in association with the character/personality of the Royal Consort, such as Huibin (Hui = Radiant), Sukbin (Suk = Clarity/Purity), Uibin (Ui = Appropriate/Fitting), and so forth. However, they are all equal as they hold the same "Bin" rank.
Senior 5th sanggung (상궁; 尙宮) and sangui (상의; 尙儀) were the court ladies who served directly under the royal family members, or the head manager of their assigned department. Depending on their role and department, there would be internal ranking within the sanggung. For example, a sanggung who served the Queen has higher authority and ranking than a sanggung who serves a prince, princess, and/or concubine.
A court lady could also become a sanggung if the King showed favor. They would be called "favored sanggung" or "special court lady" ("seungeun sanggung") and would be considered the highest rank of the senior 5th. However, since they are still in the 5th rank, a favored sanggung would not be considered a member of the Royal Family or part of the naegwan. On some occasions a favored sanggung was promoted to the rank of Sugwon.
Officially admitted royal consorts would start from the rank of Sugui. Non-officially admitted royal consorts would start from the rank of Sugwon. The most notable case is Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan.
| Rank (Korean: 품계; Hanja: 品階) |
Title | Duties | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classification | Hanja | Revised Romanization | Hangul | Hanja | |
| Naegwan | |||||
| — | — | Wangbi | 왕비 | 王妃 | Primary Consort of the King. |
| Gyebi | 계비 | 繼妃 | The King’s primary consort from his second, third, etc. marriage. | ||
| (Wang)daebi | (왕)대비 | (王)大妃 | Widow of the King's father. | ||
| Daewangdaebi | 대왕대비 | 大王大妃 | Widow of the King's grandfather. | ||
| Sejabin | 세자빈 | 世子嬪 | Primary Consort of the Heir. | ||
| Senior 1st | 正一品 | Bin | 빈 | 嬪 | Most senior rank for concubines. |
| Junior 1st | 從一品 | Gwiin | 귀인 | 貴人 | Second most senior rank for concubines. |
| Senior 2nd | 正二品 | Soui | 소의 | 昭儀 | Supports the ceremonies of the Queen. |
| Junior 2nd | 從二品 | Sugui | 숙의 | 淑儀 | |
| Senior 3rd | 正三品 | Soyong | 소용 | 昭容 | Prepared ancestral rites and meals for guests. |
| Junior 3rd | 從三品 | Sugyong | 숙용 | 淑容 | |
| Senior 4th | 正四品 | Sowon | 소원 | 昭媛 | Oversaw the management of royal palaces on a daily basis. |
| Junior 4th | 從四品 | Sugwon | 숙원 | 淑媛 | Wove silk and ramie cloth for presentation on a yearly basis. |
| Gunggwan | |||||
| Senior 5th | 正五品 | Sanggung | 상궁 | 尚宫 | Escorted the queen; oversaw the sagi and jeoneon. |
| Sangui | 상의 | 尙儀 | Responsible for all daily etiquette and procedures; oversawl saseol and jeondeung. | ||
| Junior 5th | 從五品 | Sangbok | 상복 | 尙服 | Supplied clothing and embroidered badges and wrappings; oversaw saui and jeonsik. |
| Sangsik | 상식 | 尙食 | Prepared meals and side dishes; oversaw saseon and jeonyak. | ||
| Senior 6th | 正六品 | Sangchim | 상침 | 尙寢 | Responsible for the procedure of escorting the king to his chambers; oversaw saseol and jeondeung. |
| Sanggong | 상공 | 尙功 | Managed the weaving and embroidery processes; oversaw saje and jeonchae. | ||
| Junior 6th | 從六品 | Sangjeong (Gungjeong) | 상정 (궁정) | 尙正 (宮正) | Oversaw the conduct, work, and punishment of the court ladies. |
| Sanggi | 사기 | 司記 | Responsible for documents inside palaces and had access to account books. | ||
| Senior 7th | 正七品 | Jeonbin (Sabin) | 전빈 (사빈) | 典賓 (司賓) | Prepared meals for guests, looked after guests at banquets. |
| Jeonui (Saui) | 전의 (사의) | 典衣 (司衣) | Responsible for the clothing and hair accessories of ladies in the gunggwan. | ||
| Jeonseon (Saseon) | 전선 (사선) | 典膳 (司膳) | Prepared boiled and seasoned side dishes. | ||
| Junior 7th | 從七品 | Jeonseol (Saseol) | 전설 (사설) | 典設 (司設) | Responsible for tents and rush mats, cleaning, and care of goods. |
| Jeonje (Saje) | 전제 (사제) | 典製 (司製) | Produced clothing. | ||
| Jeoneon (Saeon) | 전언 (사언) | 典言 (司言) | Responsible for conveying messages between the king and the inner court. | ||
| Senior 8th | 正八品 | Jeonchan | 전찬 | 典贊 | Helped with meals and guidance during guest receptions and events. |
| Jeonsik | 전식 | 典飾 | Responsible for washing, combing, and clothing. | ||
| Jeonyak | 전약 | 典藥 | Responsible for prescribed medicine. | ||
| Junior 8th | 從七品 | Jeondeung | 전등 | 典燈 | Responsible for lights and candles. |
| Jeonchae | 전채 | 典彩 | Wove silk and ramie cloth. | ||
| Jeonjeong | 전정 | 典正 | Supported the gungjeong. | ||
| Senior 9th | 正九品 | Jugung | 주궁 | 奏宮 | Affairs related to music. |
| Jusang | 주상 | 奏商 | |||
| Jugak | 주각 | 奏角 | |||
| Junior 9th | 從九品 | Jubyeonchi | 주변치 | 奏變徵 | |
| Juchi | 주치 | 奏徵 | |||
| Juu | 주우 | 奏羽 | |||
| Jubyeongung | 주변궁 | 奏變宮 | |||
| [11] | |||||
Notable Naemyeongbu
editQueens
editThe Cheongju Han clan produced 16 Queens, the largest number in Korean history. Queen Sohye, wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong, and a member of the clan, wrote Naehun, a Confucian morality guidebook for women.[12]
- Queen Wongyeong of the Yeoheung Min clan (1365–1420) — wife of King Taejong
- Queen Soheon of the Cheongsong Shim clan (1395–1446) — wife of King Sejong
- Queen Jeonghui of the Papyeong Yun clan (1418–1483) — wife of King Sejo
- Queen Sohye of the Cheongju Han clan (1437–1504) — popularly known as Queen Insu; wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong
- Deposed Queen Yun of the Haman Yun clan (1445–1482) — the most infamous queen in Joseon's history; second wife of King Seongjong and mother of Prince Yeonsan
- Queen Munjeong of the Papyeong Yun clan (1501–1565) — third wife of King Jungjong
- Queen Inhyeon of the Yeoheung Min clan (1667–1701) — one of the best known consorts in Korean history; second wife of King Sukjong
- Queen Inwon of the Gyeongju Kim clan (1687–1757) — fourth wife of King Sukjong
- Queen Jeongseong of the Daegu Seo clan (1692–1757) — first wife of King Yeongjo
- Queen Jeongsun of the Gyeongju Kim clan (1745–1805) — second wife of King Yeongjo
- Queen Sunwon of the (new) Andong Kim clan (1789–1857) — wife of King Sunjo
- Queen Sinjeong of the Pungyang Jo clan (1809–1890) — wife of Crown Prince Hyomyeong
- Queen Cheorin of the (new) Andong Kim clan (1837–1878) — wife of King Cheoljong
- Empress Myeongseong of the Yeoheung Min clan (1851–1895) — one of the best known consorts in Korean history, wife of Emperor Gojong
- Empress Sunjeong of the Haepyeong Yun clan (1894–1966) — second wife of Emperor Sunjong
Crown Princesses
edit- Crown Princess Hwi of the (old) Andong Kim clan — first wife of King Munjong
- Crown Princess Sun of the Haeum Bong clan (1414 – ?) — second wife of King Munjong
- Crown Princess Gwon of the Andong Gwon clan (1418–1441) — posthumously Queen Hyeondeok; third wife of King Munjong
- Crown Princess Han of the Cheongju Han clan (1445–1662) — posthumously Queen Jangsun; first wife of King Yejong
- Consort Yang-je of the Changwon Hwang clan — selected wife of Crown Prince Sunhoe
- Crown Princess Gonghoe of the Musong Yun clan (1553–1592) — wife of Crown Prince Sunhoe
- Deposed Crown Princess Park of the Miryang Park clan (1598–1623) — wife of Deposed Crown Prince Yi Ji
- Crown Princess Minhoe of the Geumcheon Gang clan (1611–1646) — wife of Crown Prince Sohyeon
- Crown Princess Shim of the Cheongsong Shim clan (1686–1718) — posthumously Queen Danui; first wife of King Gyeongjong
- Crown Princess Hyeon of the Pungyang Jo clan (1716–1751) — posthunously Queen Hyosun; wife of Crown Prince Hyojang
- Crown Princess Hye of the Pungsan Hong clan (1735–1816) — popularly known as Lady Hyegyeong, posthumously Queen Heongyeong; wife of Crown Prince Sado
Notable consorts
edit- Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan (1659–1701) — a key figure in the factional struggles during King Sukjong's reign, executed by poisoning for plotting the murder of Queen Inhyeon
- Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan (1670–1718) — supporter of Queen Inhyeon during her deposition and mother of King Yeongjo
- Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan (1696–1764) — mother of the infamous Crown Prince Sado
- Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan (1753–1786) — the only woman King Jeongjo loved among his consorts
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c d National Palace Museum of Korea (2016), p. 107.
- ^ a b c Yi 2008, p. 63.
- ^ a b Yi 2008, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d e Yi 2008, p. 84.
- ^ a b c National Palace Museum of Korea (2016), p. 110.
- ^ Kim Haboush 2013, p. 63–68.
- ^ Yi 2008, p. 85.
- ^ Yi 2008, p. 86–87.
- ^ Yi 2008, p. 63–65.
- ^ a b c Yi 2008, p. 65.
- ^ National Palace Museum of Korea (2016), p. 108.
- ^ "MusicalAmerica - Terra Han introduces East Asian Royal women's identity through her own family traditions of Han clan of Cheongju". www.musicalamerica.com. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
References
edit- Kim Haboush, JaHyun (2013). The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng: The Autobiographical Writings of a Crown Princess of Eighteenth-Century Korea (2 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20055-5.
- National Palace Museum of Korea (2016). Ro, Myounggu; Park, Suhee (eds.). The King at the Palace: Joseon Royal Court Culture at the National Palace Museum of Korea. Translated by Kwon, Cheeyun. Seoul: National Palace Museum of Korea. ISBN 9788997748297. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- Yi, Bae-yong (2008). Chan, Ted (ed.). Women in Korean History. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press. ISBN 9788973007721. Retrieved 23 September 2020.