The Natchez Trace, also known as the Old Natchez Trace, is a historic forest trail within the United States which extends roughly 440 miles (710 km) from Nashville, Tennessee, to Natchez, Mississippi, linking the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers.
Native Americans created and used the trail for centuries. Early European and American explorers, traders, and immigrants used it in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. European Americans founded inns, also known as "stands", along the Trace to serve food and lodging to travelers. Most of these stands closed as travel shifted to steamboats on the Mississippi and other rivers. The heyday of the Trace began in the 1770s and ended in the 1820s, by the 1830s the route was already in disrepair and its time as a major interregional commercial route had come to an end.[1]
Today, the path is commemorated by the 444-mile (715 km) Natchez Trace Parkway, which follows the approximate path of the Trace,[2] as well as the related Natchez Trace Trail. Parts of the original trail are still accessible, and some segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Origins
edit
Largely following a geologic ridge line, prehistoric animals followed the dry ground of the Trace to distant grazing lands, the salt licks of today's Middle Tennessee, and to the Mississippi River. Native Americans used many early footpaths created by the foraging of bison, deer, and other large game that could break paths through the dense undergrowth. In the case of the Trace, bison traveled north to find salt licks in the Nashville area.[3]
After Native Americans began to settle the land, they blazed the trail and improved it further until it became a relatively well-established path. Numerous prehistoric indigenous settlements in Mississippi were established along the Natchez Trace. Among them were the 2,000-year-old Pharr Mounds of the Middle Woodland period, located near present-day Tupelo, Mississippi.
The first recorded European explorer to travel the Trace in its entirety was an unnamed Frenchman in 1742, who wrote of the trail and its "miserable conditions". Early European explorers depended on the assistance of Native American guides to go through this territory — specifically, the Choctaw and Chickasaw who occupied the region. These tribes and earlier prehistoric peoples, collectively known as the Mississippian culture, had long used the Trace for trade. The Chickasaw leader, Chief Piomingo, made use of the trail so often that it became known as Piominko's Path during his lifetime.[4] Another early common name was Trail to the Chickasaw Nation.[5]: 42
Development
edit
Even before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, President Thomas Jefferson wanted to connect the distant Mississippi frontier to other settled areas of the United States. To foster communication with what was then called the Southwest, he directed the construction of a postal road between Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road (the southern branch of the road ended at Nashville) and the Mississippi River.
The U.S. signed treaties with the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes to maintain peace as European Americans entered the area in greater numbers. In 1801, the United States Army began trailblazing along the Trace, performing major work to prepare it as a thoroughfare. The work was done by soldiers reassigned from Tennessee and later by civilian contractors. Jefferson called it the "Columbian Highway" to emphasize American sovereignty in the area. The people who used it, however, dubbed the road "The Devil's Backbone" due to its remoteness, rough conditions, and the frequently encountered highwaymen found along the new road.[2] Aaron Burr wrote to his daughter, that the "'road...you will see laid down...on the map...as having been cut by the order of the minister of war[,]...is imaginary; there is no such road.' The region between Washington, Mississippi, and the Choctaw domain was, Burr reported, 'a vile country, destitute of springs or of running water—think of drinking the nasty puddle water, covered with green scum, and full of animaculae—bah! … [H]ow glad I was to get [into the high country,] all fine, transparent, lively streams, and itself [the Tennessee] a clear, beautiful, magnificent river.'"[6]
By 1809, the trail was fully navigable by wagon, with the northward journey taking two to three weeks. Critical to the success of the Trace as a trade route was the development of inns and trading posts, referred to at the time as "stands".[2]
Many early migrants in Tennessee and Mississippi settled along the Natchez Trace. Some of the most prominent were Washington, Mississippi (the old capital of Mississippi); "Old" Greenville, Mississippi (where Andrew Jackson married Rachel Jackson in 1791);[7] and Port Gibson, Mississippi.[8] The Natchez Trace was used during the War of 1812 and the ensuing Creek War, as soldiers under Major General Andrew Jackson's command traveled southward to subdue the Red Sticks and to defend the country against invasion by the British. Jackson most likely knew the road well from his career as an interstate slave trader operating between Natchez and Nashville beginning in 1789.[9]
By 1817, the continued development of Memphis (with its access to the Mississippi River) and Jackson's Military Road (heading south from Nashville) formed more direct and faster routes to New Orleans. Trade shifted to either of these routes along the east or west of the area, away from the Trace.[2] As author William C. Davis wrote in his book A Way Through the Wilderness (1995), the Trace was "a victim of its own success" by encouraging development in the frontier area.
With the rise of steamboat culture on the Mississippi River after the invention of the steam engine, the Trace lost its importance as a national road, as goods could be moved more quickly, cheaply, and in greater quantity on the river.[2] Before the invention of steam power, the Mississippi River's south-flowing current was so strong that northbound return journeys generally had to be made over land.
Although many authors have written that the Trace disappeared back into the woods, much of it was used by people living nearby. Large sections of the Trace in Tennessee were converted to county roads for operation, and sections continue to be used today.
Early 19th century
edit
Though the Natchez Trace was briefly used as a major United States route, it served an essential function for years. The Trace was the only reliable land link between the eastern states and the trading ports of Mississippi and Louisiana. All sorts of people traveled down the Trace: itinerant preachers, highwaymen, traders, and peddlers among them.[2]
As part of the "Great Awakening" movement that swept the country in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the "spiritual development" along the Trace started from the Natchez end and moved northward. Several Methodist preachers began working a circuit along the Trace as early as 1800. By 1812 they claimed a membership of 1,067 white Americans and 267 African Americans.[10] The Methodists were soon joined in Natchez by other Protestant denominations, including Baptist missionaries and Presbyterians.
The latter accompanied the migration of Scots-Irish and Scots into the frontier areas. Presbyterians and their frontier offshoot, the Cumberland Presbyterians, were the most active of the three denominations in this country. They claimed converts among Native Americans. The Presbyterians started working from the south; the Cumberland Presbyterians worked from the north, as they had migrated to Tennessee from Kentucky.
As with the much-unsettled frontier, banditry regularly occurred along the Trace. Much of it centered around the river landing Natchez Under-The-Hill, as compared with the rest of the town atop the river bluff. Under-the-Hill, where barges and keelboats put in with goods from northern ports, was a hotbed of gamblers, prostitutes, and drunken crew from the boats. Many of the rowdies, referred to as "Kaintucks", were rough Kentucky frontiersmen who operated flatboats down the river.[2] They delivered goods to Natchez in exchange for cash and sought gambling contests in Natchez Under-the-Hill. They walked or rode horseback the 450 miles back up the Trace to Nashville. In 1810, an estimated 10,000 "Kaintucks" used the Trace annually to return to the north to start another river journey.[2]
Other dangers lurked on the Trace in the areas outside city boundaries. Highwaymen (such as John Murrell and Samuel Mason) terrorized travelers along the road. They operated large gangs of organized brigands in one of the first examples of land-based organized crime in the United States.[11][12]
Stands along the trace
edit
The inns, or stands, as they were called along the Natchez Trace, provided lodging for travelers from the 1790s to the 1840s. These stands furnished food and accommodations and contributed to the spread of news, information, and new ideas. The food was basic: corn in the form of hominy was a staple, and bacon, biscuits, coffee with sugar, and whiskey were served. Lodging was normally on the floor; beds were available only to a few due to many travelers and cramped conditions. Some travelers chose to sleep outdoors or on the porches.[13]
- Stands on the old Natchez Trace, from Nashville south to Natchez
- Nashville
- Joslin's Stand, Tenn. 1797
- Gordon's Stand, with Gordon's Ferry across the Duck River, Tenn. 1802.
- Keg Springs Stand, Tenn. 1812
- Sheboss Place, Tenn.
- Dobbin's Stand, Tenn. 1808
- Grinder's Stand, Tenn. 1808
- McLish's Stand, Tenn. 1806
- Young Factor's Stand, Tenn. 1805
- McGlamery's Stand, Tenn.
- Toscomby's Stand, Tenn.1810
- George Colbert's Stand and Colbert's Ferry across the Tennessee River, Ala. 1806
- Buzzard Roost Stand, Ala. 1812 See:Levi Colbert
- Levi Colbert's Stand, Ala.
- Brown's Stand, Miss. 1815
- Old Factor's Stand, Miss. 1812
- Levi Kemp's Stand, Miss. 1825
- James Colbert's Stand, Miss. 1812
- Tockshish's Stand (McIntosh's Stand), or McIntoshville, Chickasaw Old Town, Miss. 1797[14]
- Wall's Stand, Miss. 1811
- Pigeon Roost Stand, Miss. 1800
- Mitchell's Stand, Miss. 1806
- French Camp, LeFleur's Stand, Miss. 1810
- Hawkins's Stand, Harkin's Stand, Miss. 1811
- Shoat's Stand (Choteau's Stand), Miss. 1811
- Anderson's Stand, Miss.1811
- Crowders Stand, Miss. 1813
- Doak's Stand, Miss. 1810. See: Treaty of Doak's Stand.
- Ward's Stand, Miss. 1811
- Brashear's Stand, Miss. 1806. See: Ridgeland, Mississippi.
- Ogburn's Stand, Miss. 1810
- Hayes's Stand, Miss. 1815
- Dean's Stand, Miss. 1821
- Red Bluff Stand, McRover's Stand, Smith's Stand, Miss.1806
- Wooldridge's Stand, Miss.1806
- Dillon's Stand, aft. 1830[15]
- Grindstone Ford, Miss. 1797
Source:[16]
Death of Meriwether Lewis
edit
Meriwether Lewis, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition fame, died while traveling on the Trace. Then serving as appointed governor of the Louisiana Territory, he was on his way to Washington, D.C., from his base in St. Louis, Missouri. Lewis stopped at Grinder's Stand (near current-day Hohenwald, Tennessee) for overnight shelter in October 1809. He was distraught over many issues, possibly affected by his use of opium. He was believed by many to have committed suicide there with a gun.[citation needed]
Some uncertainty persists as to whether it was suicide.[2] His mother believed he had been murdered, and rumors circulated about possible killers. Thomas Jefferson and Lewis's former partner, William Clark, accepted the report of suicide. Lewis was buried near the inn along the Trace.[17] In 1848, a Tennessee state commission erected a monument at the site.
On the bicentennial of Lewis's death (2009), the first national public memorial service honoring his life was held; it was also the last event of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Bicentennial.
See also
edit
- Natchez Trace State Park, Tennessee
- Trace State Park, Mississippi
Notes
edit- ^ Bunn, Mike; Williams, Clay (2023). Old Southwest to Old South: Mississippi, 1798–1840. Heritage of Mississippi Series, Vol. IX. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi for the Mississippi Historical Society and the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-1-4968-4380-7. LCCN 2022042580. OCLC 1348393702. Project MUSE book 109599.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Devoss, David (May 2008). "End of the Road". Smithsonian Magazine. 39 (2): 72. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
- ^ Lay, M G (1992). Ways of the world. Sydney: Primavera Press. p. 401. ISBN 1-875368-05-1., p5
- ^ Chickasaw Leader Piominko Impacted US, Mississippi History; article; Morris, M. Scott; The Oxford Eagle online; Oxford, Mississippi; (September 11, 2017); retrieved March 2023
- ^ James, D. Clayton (1993) [1968]. Antebellum Natchez. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1860-3. LCCN 68028496. OCLC 28281641.
- ^ Kennedy, Roger G. (2000). Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson. Oxford University Press. p. 319. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140552.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-514055-2. LCCN 99022453. OCLC 181840559.
- ^ Rowland, Dunbar (1921). Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society, Volume IV. Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi Historical Society. pp. 14–16.
- ^ Cotterill, R. S. (April 1921). "The Natchez Trace". Tennessee Historical Magazine. 7 (1): 29–35.
- ^ Snow, Whitney Adrienne (2008). "Slave Owner, Slave Trader, Gentleman: Slavery and the Rise of Andrew Jackson" (PDF). Journal of East Tennessee History. 80. Knoxville, Tennessee: East Tennessee Historical Society: 47–59. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 23044540.
- ^ Daniels, 1962 pp.146-149
- ^ Coates, 2014 pp.107, 115-116, 270
- ^ Daniels; 1962; pp.114, 124-128
- ^ "Historic Stands along the Old Natchez Trace." National Park Service. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
- ^ Phelps, Dawson A. (2016) "Tockshish," Journal of Mississippi History: Vol. 78: No. 1, Article 6. Available at: https://aquila.usm.edu/jmh/vol78/iss1/6
- ^ United States. (1941). Natchez trace parkway survey. Letter of the secretary of the interior transmitting in response to Senate resolution no. 222, a report of a survey of the old Indian trail, known as the Natchez trace, made by the Department of the interior, through the national park service, pursuant to an act approved May 21, 1934, with a view to constructing a national road on this route to be known as the Natchez trace parkway. [United States] 76th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Doc. 148. Washington: U.S. Govt. print. off.
- ^ Webb, Stacy R. (2007). "Stand Owners & Traders Natchez Trace." MEHRA. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
- ^ Dee Brown, "What Really Happened to Meriwether Lewis?", Columbia Magazine, Winter 1988, Vol. 1, No. 4, accessed Oct 17, 2010
References
edit- Coates, Robert M. (2004). The Outlaw Years The History Of The Land Pirates Of The Natchez Trace. Kessinger Publishing. p. 244. ISBN 9781417943777. [1]
- Crutchfield, James A. (1985). The Natchez Trace: A Pictorial History. Nashville, Tennessee: Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN 0-934395-03-9.
- Daniels, Jonathan (1962). The Devil's Backbone: The Story of the Natchez Trace. Pelican Publishing, Louisiana. p. 267. ISBN 0-88289-438-2. [2]
- Davis, William C. (1995). A Way Through the Wilderness: The Natchez Trace and the Civilization of the Southern Frontier. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-016921-4.
Further reading
edit- George, Linda, George, Charles (2001). The Natchez Trace, pp. 30 [3]
- Hall, Robert Green (1914). The Natchez trace: a study in transportation and travel between the early west and southwest; University of Wisconsin, pp. 128 -- Ebook (full view)
- Jamison, Lena Mitchell (1938). The Natchez trace; University of Wisconsin—Madison, pp. 208 [4]
- Kroll, Harry Harrison (2005). Perilous Journey; Kessinger Publishing, pp. 420, ISBN 9781417997626 [5]
External links
edit