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National Union Party (United States)

This article is about the political party during the Civil War. For the 1850s political party in the Lower South, see Union Party (United States, 1850). For the 1860 party made up of former Whigs, see Constitutional Union Party (United States).

The National Union Party, commonly the Union Party or Unionists, was a wartime coalition of Republicans, War Democrats, and border state Unconditional Unionists that supported the Lincoln Administration during the American Civil War. It held the 1864 National Union Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for president and Andrew Johnson for vice president in the 1864 United States presidential election.[2] Following Lincoln's successful re-election and assassination, Johnson tried and failed to sustain the Union Party as a vehicle for his presidential ambitions.[3] The coalition did not contest the 1868 elections, but the Republican Party continued to use the "Union Republican" label throughout the period of Reconstruction.[4][5]

National Union Party
LeadersAbraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Founded1861 (1861)[1]
Dissolved1868 (1868)
Merger ofRepublican Party
War Democrats
Unconditional Union Party
Merged intoRepublican Party
Democratic Party
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
IdeologyAmerican nationalism
Unionism
Abolitionism
Reconstruction
Political positionBig tent
Colors  Red   White   Blue
(United States national colors)

Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 United States presidential election, receiving 180 electoral votes and 53% of the popular vote of the free states; opposition to Lincoln was divided, with most northern Democrats voting for Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas.[6] Following the Republican victory, Douglas strongly condemned secession and publicly supported the federal government's efforts to preserve the Union.[7] As the large majority of Democrats vehemently opposed Lincoln's wartime policies, especially emancipation, pro-administration War Democrats sought to cooperate with the Republicans through the formation of Union parties in key states.[8] Besides allowing voters of diverse pre-war partisan allegiances to unite under a common banner, the Union label served a valuable propaganda purpose by implying the coalition's opponents were dis-unionists.[9]

The preeminent policy of the National Union Party was the preservation of the Union by the prosecution of the war to its ultimate conclusion. They rejected Copperhead proposals for a negotiated peace as humiliating and ultimately ruinous to the authority of the national government. The party's 1864 platform called for the abolition of slavery by constitutional amendment, a "liberal and just" immigration policy, completion of the transcontinental railroad, and condemned the French intervention in Mexico as dangerous to republicanism.[10]

Establishment

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The National Union Convention was organized just before the general election of November 1864, when the Civil War was still in progress. A faction of anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans believed that Lincoln was incompetent and could not be reelected. A number of Radical Republicans formed a party called the Radical Democracy Party and a few hundred delegates met in Cleveland starting on May 31, 1864, eventually nominating John C. Frémont, who had also been the Republicans' first presidential standard-bearer during the 1856 presidential election.

Baltimore Convention

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Republicans loyal to Lincoln created a new name for their party in convention at Baltimore, Maryland during the first week in June 1864 in order to accommodate the War Democrats who supported the war and wished to separate themselves from the Copperheads. This is the main reason why War Democrat Andrew Johnson was nominated for vice president, instead of the incumbent Vice President Hannibal Hamlin. The National Unionists supporting the Lincoln–Johnson ticket also hoped that the new party would stress the national character of the war.

The convention's temporary chairman, Robert Jefferson Breckinridge of Kentucky, explained that he could support Lincoln on this new ticket for the following reason:[11]

As a Union party I will follow you to the ends of the earth, and to the gates of death. But as an Abolition party, as a Republican party, as a Whig party, as a Democratic party, as an American [Know-Nothing] party, I will not follow you one foot.

The National Union Party adopted the following goals as its platform:

[P]ursuit of the war until the Confederacy surrendered unconditionally; a constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery; aid to disabled Union veterans; continued European neutrality; enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine; encouragement of immigration; and construction of a transcontinental railroad. It also praised the use of black troops and Lincoln's management of the war.[12]

News of his nomination at the 1864 National Union National Convention elicited Lincoln's famous response on June 9, 1864:

I am very grateful for the renewed confidence which has been accorded to me, both by the convention and by the National [Union] League. I am not insensible at all to the personal compliment there is in this; yet I do not allow myself to believe that any but a small portion of it is to be appropriated as a personal compliment. The convention and the nation, I am assured, are alike animated by a higher view of the interests of the country for the present and the great future, and that part I am entitled to appropriate as a compliment is only that part which I may lay hold of as being the opinion of the convention and of the League, that I am not entirely unworthy to be entrusted with the place I have occupied for the last three years. I have not permitted myself, gentlemen, to conclude that I am the best man in the country; but I am reminded, in this connection, of a story of an old Dutch farmer, who remarked to a companion once that 'it was not best to swap horses when crossing streams.'

In August 1864, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that should he lose the election, he would nonetheless defeat the Confederacy by an all-out military effort before turning over the White House:[13]

This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward.[14]

Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope.

Changing mood

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The complexion of the war changed as the election approached. Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee's last victory in battle occurred June 3, 1864 at Cold Harbor. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's aggressive tactics trapped Lee in the trenches defending Richmond. Admiral David Farragut successfully shut down Mobile Bay as a Confederate resource in the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 3–23, 1864. Most decisive of all, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta on September 1, 1864, convincing even the pessimists that the Confederacy was collapsing.[15]

Frémont withdraws

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Frémont and his fellow Republicans hated their former ally Postmaster General Montgomery Blair. Frémont, aware that his candidacy could result in victory for the Democrats, made a deal to drop out of the presidential race in exchange for Blair's removal from office. On September 22, 1864, Frémont dropped out of the race. On September 23, Lincoln asked for and received Blair's resignation.[16][17][18]

The National Union ticket went on to win handily in the election of 1864, defeating the Democratic ticket of former Union General George B. McClellan (whom Lincoln had previously relieved of his command) and Representative George H. Pendleton from Ohio.

Election

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Main article: 1864 United States presidential election
 
The Republican Party called itself the Union Party in 1864 and gave out this ballot for supporters to vote for Lincoln

In the 1864 congressional elections, the party won 42 Senate seats (out of 54 senators seated, not including vacancies due to the secession of Confederate states) and 149 seats (out of 193) in the House of Representatives.[19] These candidates ran under various party names, including National Union, Republican and Unconditional Union, but were part of the overall Republican/National Union effort.[20]

Post-Lincoln: Andrew Johnson presidency (1865–1869)

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See also: Presidency of Andrew Johnson
 
Ulysses S. Grant/Schuyler Colfax 1868 National Union Republican campaign poster

Upon Lincoln's death in 1865, Andrew Johnson became the only other National Union President.

After the bitter break with the Republicans in Congress over Reconstruction policies, Johnson used federal patronage to build up a party of loyalists, but it proved to be unsuccessful.[21] Johnson's friends sponsored the 1866 National Union Convention in August 1866 in Philadelphia as part of his attempt at maintaining a coalition of supporters. The convention sought to bring together moderate and conservative Republicans and defecting Democrats and forge an unbeatable coalition behind President Johnson and his Reconstruction policy.[22]

In the fall of 1866, Johnson embarked upon a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") before the 1866 Congressional elections to attempt to garner support for his policies. His swing was heavily ridiculed and proved ineffective as more of his opponents were elected. Republican National Committee chairman Henry Jarvis Raymond (1864–1866) lost the regard of the Republicans for his participation in the convention. The National Union movement became little more than the Democratic Party in a new form as Republicans left the movement and returned to the old party fold by the fall.[23]

The last congressman to represent the National Union Party ended his affiliation with the party in March 1867. Johnson was impeached by the Republican-led House of Representatives in 1868 and was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Upon the 1869 expiration of Johnson's only term as President, the National Union Party came to an end. The platform adopted at the 1868 Republican National Convention strongly repudiated President Johnson[24] while the platform adopted by the 1868 Democratic National Convention thanked Johnson.[25] Johnson received dozens of votes on the first ballot of the Democratic convention, but the party ultimately nominated Horatio Seymour. Meanwhile, the mainline Republicans decided at their 1868 national convention to use the term the National Union Republican Convention. The 1868 National Union Republican delegates nominated General Ulysses S. Grant for president and House Speaker Schuyler Colfax for vice president. In 1872, all reference to Union had disappeared.[26] Historians regard the initial National Union coalition assembled in 1864 as part of the Republican Party lineage and heritage.[27]

See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ Waugh, John C. (1997). Reelecting Lincoln. New York: Crown Publishers. p. 21.
  2. ^ McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University. pp. 716–17.
  3. ^ Foner, Eric (2014). Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–77 (Revised ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 260.
  4. ^ Ely; Burnham; Bartlet (1868). Proceedings of the National Union Republican Convention, Held at Chicago, May 20 and 21, 1868. Chicago.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Smith, Francis H. (1872). Proceedings of the National Union Republican Convention Held at Philadelphia June 5 and 6, 1872, Which Nominated for President and Vice-President Ulysses S. Grant and Henry Wilson. Washington, D. C.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Dubin, Michael J. (2002). United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7864-6422-7.
  7. ^ McPherson, 231; 263.
  8. ^ Waugh, 20.
  9. ^ McPherson, 509.
  10. ^ Murphy, D. F. (1864). Proceedings of the National Union Convention Held in Baltimore, Md., June 7th and 8th, 1864. New York. pp. 57–58.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ John G. Nicolay and John Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History (1890) 9:66.
  12. ^ "HarpWeek | Elections | 1864 Overview". Elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  13. ^ Mark Grimsley and Brooks D. Simpson, eds. The Collapse of the Confederacy (2001) p. 80.
  14. ^ Lincoln, Memorandum concerning his probable failure of re-election, August 23, 1864. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (1953), vol. 7, p. 514.
  15. ^ Allan Nevins, War for the Union 4:97–98, 120–122.
  16. ^ Donald, David Herbert, Lincoln (1995) pp 534-535.
  17. ^ Charles R. Wilson, "New Light on the Lincoln-Blair-Fremont 'Bargain' of 1864" American Historical Review 42#1 (1936), pp. 71–78.
  18. ^ William Frank Zornow, Lincoln and the Party Divided (1954) pp 145-147.
  19. ^ "Elections: 1864 Overview". HarpWeek. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  20. ^ Aynes, Richard L. (2009). "The 39th Congress (1865–1867) and the 14th Amendment: Some Preliminary Perspectives" (PDF). Akron Law Review. 42 (4): 1022. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2012.
  21. ^ Hans Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1998) ch. 11–12.
  22. ^ Thomas Wagstaff, "The Arm-In-Arm Convention", Civil War History; 1968 14(2): 101–119.
  23. ^ Patrick W. Riddleberger, 1866: The Critical Year Revisited (1979).
  24. ^ "Republican Party Platform of 1868".
  25. ^ "Democratic Party Platform of 1868".
  26. ^ Schlesinger, 2:1287.
  27. ^ The standard multivolume history includes it with the Republican Party and does not give it a separate entry. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties: vol II: 1860–1910 (1973).

General references

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  • Donald, David (1995). Lincoln, pp. 516–544 online
  • Johnson, David (2012). Decided on the Battlefield: Grant, Sherman, Lincoln and the Election of 1864.
  • Nevins, Allan (1971). The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865. pp 97–143.
  • Nicolay, John G. and John Hay (1890). Abraham Lincoln: A History. vol 9. ch. 3, 15 and 16.
  • McSeveney, Samuel T. (1986). "Re-Electing Lincoln: The Union Party Campaign and the Military Vote in Connecticut". Civil War History. 32(2). pp. 139–158.
  • Waugh, John C. (2001). Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency. online
  • Wilson, Charles R. (1936) "New Light on the Lincoln-Blair-Fremont 'Bargain' of 1864" American Historical Review 42#1 pp. 71–78. online
  • Zornow, William Frank (1954). Lincoln and the Party Divided. online
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