Olaf Gudrødsson (c. 810 – c. 860),[1] known after his death as Olaf Geirstad-Alf "Olaf, Elf of Geirstad" (Old Norse Ólafr Geirstaðaalfr), was a semi-legendary petty king in Norway. A member of the House of Yngling, he was the son of Gudrød the Hunter and according to the late Heimskringla, a half-brother of Halfdan the Black. Gudrød and Olaf ruled a large part of Raumarike. The Þáttr Ólafs Geirstaða Alfs in Flateyjarbók records a fantastical story of how he was worshipped after his death and on his own instructions, his body was then decapitated so that he could be reborn as Olaf II of Norway (St. Olaf).
Two not necessarily conflicting hypotheses identify Geirstad with Gjerstad, formerly Geirekstad in Agder, and with Gokstad (possibly also a contraction of Geirekstad) in Vestfold, the location of the mound Gokstadhaugen, where the Gokstad Ship was excavated. The theory that Olaf thus had a connection with the ship burial is unproven.[2]
Ynglinga saga
editIn the Ynglinga saga portion of the Heimskringla, the king is reported to have died of a "disease in his foot"[3] (fótarverkr) or gout,[4] although the Flateyjarbók suggests the king succumbed to an epidemic of plague.[4][5]
The Ynglinga saga also inserts the following verse by the 9th–10th century skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir:
Og niðkvísl / í Noregi
þróttar Þrós / of þróast náði.
Réð Ólafr / ofsa forðum
víðri grund / of Vestmari.
Uns fótverkr / við Foldar þröm
vígmiðlung / of viða skyldi.
Nú liggr gunndjarfr / á Geirstöðum
herkonungr / haugi ausinn.
Long while this branch of Odin's stem
Was the stout prop of Norway's realm;
Long while King Olaf with just pride
Ruled over Westfold far and wide.
At length by cruel gout oppressed,
The good King Olaf sank to rest:
His body now lies under ground,
Buried at Geirstad, in the mound.
--tr. Samuel Laing and Rasmus B. Anderson, Heimskringla, p.329[3]
Olaf Geirstad-Alf
editOlaf was worshipped after his death as an "elf", and was called the Geirstad-alf (the "elf of Geirstad"). The account of this is recorded in the Þáttr Ólafs Geirstaða Alfs in the Flateyjarbók version of Óláfs saga helga, and continues with a fantastical story of how he became a draugr[6] haunting his own barrow (haugr), but ordered it to be destroyed so he could be reborn as St. Olaf.
According to this version, Olaf was carried away by a plague that subsided after his death.[4] Olaf had instructed his people to build a mound and lay him to rest inside, but forbidden them to worship him after his death seeking boons; however, as he had suspected, once the next famine arrived, "they resorted to the plan of sacrificing to King Olaf for plenty, and they called him Geirstaðaálfr".[5]
Later, the spirit of Olaf appeared in a dream to a man named Hrani, who was instructed to break into the barrow, salvage a ring, a sword named Bæsingr, and a belt, which were to be presented to Queen Ásta for her future son, and to sever the head of the dead body while making sure the head was set straight on its neck. Hrani did as instructed, and the queen gave birth to the future St. Olaf.[7] When this Olaf was riding past the barrow one day, one of his men remembered him saying he had once been laid to rest there. The king vehemently denied this, saying his soul could not occupy two bodies. Hilda Ellis Davidson suggests the notion of rebirth is communicated here.[8] At any rate, Olaf II is thought to have been named after Olaf Geirstad-Alf.[4]
That the king came to be called an "elf" should not be taken too literally. Vigfusson and Powell discuss the story among others under the heading of "Ancestor Worship" and note that in these instances, "the dead were called 'Elves'".[4] Davidson gives a more extensive summary in her discussion of "The Cult of the Dead".[9]
References
edit
This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain.
Citations
edit- ^ Based on Heimskringla.
- ^ "Gokstadhaugen". megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
- ^ a b Laing & Anderson 1889, pp. 329–330
- ^ a b c d e Vigfusson & Powell 1883, vol.1, pp.414-5: "Anlaf the Garstead Elf, son of Godfrid Charlemagne's foe."
- ^ a b Davidson 1943, p. 101: citing Flateyjarbók: Óláfs Saga Helga, II, 5, pp. 6–
- ^ Davidson 1943, p. 112
- ^ Davidson 1943, p. 139, citing Flateyjarbók: Óláfs Saga Helga, II, 7, p. 7.
- ^ Davidson 1943, p. 139, citing Flateyjarbók: Óláfs Saga Helga, II, 106, p. 135.
- ^ Davidson 1943, p. 112
Bibliography
edit- Laing, Samuel (trans.); Anderson, Rasmus Bjorn (1889). The Heimskringla: or, The sagas of the Norse kings. Snorri Sturluson. Scribner and Welford. pp. 330–.
- Egilsson, Sveinbjörn, ed. (1835). "Þattr Ólafs Gerirstada Álfs". Fornmanna sögur. Vol. 10. H.F. Popp. pp. 209–215.
- Davidson, Hilda Roderick Eliis (1943). The Road to Hell. Cambridge University Press. pp. 101, 112, 138–139.
- Reprint: Cambridge University Press 2013 (preview)
- Vigfusson, Gudbrand; Powell, Frederick York (1883). Corpus Poeticum Boreale. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. pp. 414–5.