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Pakuranga

For the electorate, see Pakuranga (New Zealand electorate).

Pakuranga is an eastern suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. Pakuranga covers a series of low ridges and previously swampy flats, now drained, that lie between the Pakuranga Creek and Tamaki River, two estuarial arms of the Hauraki Gulf. It is located to the north of Manukau and 15 kilometres southeast of the Auckland CBD.

Pakuranga
Suburb
Pakuranga, looking east (the suburb is the "peninsula"-shape on the far side of the Tamaki River)
Pakuranga, looking east (the suburb is the "peninsula"-shape on the far side of the Tamaki River)
Map
Coordinates: 36°54′47″S 174°52′19″E / 36.913°S 174.872°E / -36.913; 174.872
CountryNew Zealand
CityAuckland
Local authorityAuckland Council
Electoral wardHowick ward
Local boardHowick Local Board
Area
[1]
 • Land342 ha (845 acres)
Population
 (June 2024)[2]
 • Total
10,040
(Tamaki River), Panmure (Tamaki River), Glen Innes Sunnyhills
(Tamaki River), Mount Wellington
Pakuranga
 Pakuranga Heights
(Tamaki River), Ōtāhuhu (Tamaki River) East Tāmaki

Geography

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Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River

Pakuranga is located on the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, on a peninsula formed between the river and the Pakuranga Creek to the south.[3][4] In the 19th Century, inland Pakuranga was a peat wetland, dominated by Cordyline australis (tī kōuka / cabbage trees).[5]

Climate

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Climate data for Pakuranga (2001–2017)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.9
(89.4) 		29.9
(85.8) 		28.7
(83.7) 		27.9
(82.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		23.1
(73.6) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.9
(82.2) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.9
(89.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.7
(76.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.1
(75.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.0
(60.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		20.5
(68.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8) 		20.4
(68.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		16.9
(62.4) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		14.7
(58.5) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.4
(65.1) 		15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		6.8
(44.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.9
(51.6)
Record low °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		5.6
(42.1) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		−3.3
(26.1)
Source: NIWA [6]

Etymology

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The name Pakuranga is a contraction of Te Pakuranga-rāhīhī ("The Battle of the Sun's Rays"), a traditional Tāmaki Māori story involving a battle between the supernatural Tūrehu people of the Waitākere and Hunua ranges, where magic was used to turn warriors into stone using the sun's rays. The gods Mataaho and Rūaumoko, after hearing of this battle, create the Auckland volcanic field in their rage.[7][8][9] The name Pakuranga is a name that was also used for Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain, a volcano in Half Moon Bay.[7][10]

The name Pakuranga was used by early European settlers from the 1840s to refer to the area between the Tāmaki River and Tūranga Creek.[11] After the establishment of Howick, the name Pakuranga referred to the rural area to the west of the settlement as far as the Tāmaki River.[12] The Pakuranga Highway District, defined in 1863, included areas to the north such as Bucklands Beach.[13][14] The modern Pakuranga area was first formally defined in 1956, with the establishment of the Pakuranga County Town.[15]

History

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Māori history

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The Panmure Basin area close to Pakuranga was a major settlement for Ngāti Pāoa in the early 19th Century

The Pakuranga area is part of the rohe of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, who descend from the crew of the Tainui migratory waka, who visited the area around the year 1300.[16] The mouth of the Tāmaki River was traditionally known as Te Wai ō Tāiki ("The Waters of Tāiki"), named after the Ngāi Tai ancestor Tāiki. Tāiki settled with his followers along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River, alongside the descendants of Huiārangi of the early iwi Te Tini ō Maruiwi.[17] The upper reaches of the river near modern Pakuranga is traditionally known as Te Wai Mokoia, referring to Mokoikahikuwaru, a protector taniwha of the Tainui waka who is described in legends as taking up residence at the Panmure Basin.[8]

Ngāi Tai created extensive cultivations along the eastern shores of the Tāmaki River.[16] Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain was an important pā site for Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, named after ancestress Huiārangi, daughter of Tāmaki of Te Tini ō Maruiwi.[16] The slopes of the mountain and surrounding areas were home to stonefield gardens, and the mountain was an important location for snaring kererū.[16] In approximately the first half of the 18th century, Ngāriki, a rangatira of Ngāi Tai, built a fortified pā at Te Naupata (Musick Point), the headland at the end of the peninsula, called Te Waiārohia (a shortening of Te Waiārohia ō Ngāriki).[17][18] The followers of Ngāriki also settled at the Ōhuiarangi pā.[10]

By the mid-18th century, Ngāti Pāoa, a Hauraki Gulf tribe with close relationships to Ngāi Tai, established themselves on the western shores of the river at Panmure, at Mokoia pā and a kāinga called Mauināina.[19][20] By the time missionaries Samuel Marsden and John Gare Butler visited the isthmus in 1820, there were thousands of inhabitants living along the shores of the Tāmaki River at Mokoia.[21]

During the Musket Wars in the 1820s, Mokoia pā and Mauināina were attacked by a Ngāpuhi taua (war party), devastating the settlement. The wider area was evacuated by Ngāti Pāoa and Ngāi Tai,[7][22] with most members of Ngāi Tai fleeing to the Waikato for temporary refuge during this time. When English missionary William Thomas Fairburn visited the area in 1833, it was mostly unoccupied.[23] The land at Mokoia and Mauināina pā became tapu for Ngāti Pāoa due to the large number of deaths, and was not resettled.[20]

In 1836, William Thomas Fairburn brokered a land sale between Tāmaki Māori chiefs covering the majority of modern-day South Auckland, East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast.[24] The sale was envisioned as a way to end hostilities in the area, but it is unclear what the chiefs understood or consented to. Māori continued to live in the area, unchanged by this sale.[25] In 1854 when Fairburn's purchase was investigated by the New Zealand Land Commission, a Ngāi Tai reserve was created around the Wairoa River and Umupuia areas, and as a part of the agreement, members of Ngāi Tai agreed to leave their traditional settlements to the west.[26][23]

European settlement

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Lithograph of the first Panmure Bridge in 1867

The Pakuranga area was sold by Government auction in 1843.[27] Much of the area was farmed by Hemi Pepene, a Ngāpuhi orphan who grew up at the Paihia Mission Station and was taken care of by the Fairburns,[27] and by Joseph Hargreaves, who bought 82 acres in 1843 and constructed the first European house in Pakuranga.[28] In 1847, Howick was established as a defensive outpost for Auckland, by fencibles (retired British Army soldiers) and their families.[29] The first ferry services across the river to Panmure began in 1850.[30] Many of the first European farmers in the area were fencibles from Howick,[12] such as brothers Robert and Thomas Every Maclean in 1851 who developed extensive livestock farms,[31] and Patrick and Ann Fitzpatrick who bought land in 1852.[28] By the mid-1860s, wheat became the most significant crop in the area.[32]

In September 1863 during the Invasion of the Waikato, the Ngāi Tai village of Ōtau near Clevedon was attacked by the British army, and the village was evacuated, with people moving to communities at the river's mouth. While Māori of South Auckland such as Te Ākitai Waiohua were forced to leave, Ngāi Tai were designated as a "friendly" people by the Crown and remained neutral in the fighting.[17][33] After the Native Lands Act of 1865, the Native Land Court confiscated many Ngāi Tai lands. The remaining land was individuated, slowly sold on to European farmers.[17][16]

Pakuranga became more accessible after the opening of the Panmure Bridge, connecting Pakuranga to Panmure across the Tāmaki River in 1865.[34] In the same year, the capital of New Zealand was moved from Auckland to Wellington, causing major financial problems for the area as land prices plummeted and demand for butter dropped.[35] In 1869, Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (the Duke of Edinburgh) visited New Zealand, spending a month living at Pakuranga.[36]

In 1874, the Pakuranga Hunt was established and by 1900 had become one of the largest social clubs in Auckland. The Hunt was based in East Tāmaki, organising hare hunts and county balls for the wider area. The name Pakuranga became synonymous with the hunt, and by 1960 the hunt had relocated south to Karaka.[37]

By the later 19th Century, Pakuranga developed into an area similar to the English countryside, dominated by poplar, oak and willow trees.[38] Over time, the wheat fields were gradually replaced with dairy farms, which dominated the area until the 1940s.[32] The Pakuranga Hall was opened in 1921,[38]

Suburbanisation

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Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1961, when the area was predominantly farmland
 
Aerial view of Pakuranga in 1969, during the widespread construction of suburban housing developments

In the 1930s, the road to Howick was concreted, improving transport times for milk to Auckland, and for passengers into the area.[34] In 1948, Pakuranga was considered as a potential site for the new international airport, which eventually opened in Māngere.[39] Land in Pakuranga was subdivided into housing from the 1950s, and the Manukau County Council planned to leave a green belt separating Pakuranga from Howick, however lost a court case with a farmer who planned to subdivide his land.[39] By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within Manukau County.[15] A new Panmure Bridge facilitated further growth after its construction in 1959.[34][40]

In 1965, the Pakuranga Town Centre (now known as Pakuranga Plaza) was officially opened.[41] It was the second modern American-style mall constructed in Auckland, and incorporated a number of major stores, such as Farmers and a George Court department store.[42] By the mid-1970s, Pakuranga developed an image as a stereotypical location for busy housewives. The area acquired the nicknames "Nappy Valley" and "Vim Valley", the latter referring to a popular advertisement for the cleaning product Vim, that featured Pakuranga housewives.[43][44]

The Pakuranga Community Hall was opened in 1975,[45] and in 1981 Lloyd Elsmore Park, a multi-purpose urban park, sporting facility and home to the Howick Historical Village, was officially opened.[46]

The Eastern Busway, a project to link Botany to Panmure by rapid transport, began construction in 2019.[47] The busway opened to Pakuranga in 2021, with the entire project scheduled to open by the mid-2020s.[48]

Demographics

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Pakuranga covers 3.42 km2 (1.32 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 10,040 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 2,936 people per km2.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20066,576—    
20137,245+1.39%
20187,689+1.20%
Source: [49]

Before the 2023 census, Pakuranga had a smaller boundary, covering 2.52 km2 (0.97 sq mi).[1] Using that boundary, Pakuranga had a population of 7,689 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 444 people (6.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,113 people (16.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 2,418 households, comprising 3,798 males and 3,888 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 1,521 people (19.8%) aged under 15 years, 1,719 (22.4%) aged 15 to 29, 3,411 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,035 (13.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 44.4% European/Pākehā, 11.7% Māori, 13.2% Pacific peoples, 41.4% Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 48.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 37.2% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 6.3% were Hindu, 3.4% were Muslim, 3.3% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 1,494 (24.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 993 (16.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 864 people (14.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 3,225 (52.3%) people were employed full-time, 774 (12.5%) were part-time, and 213 (3.5%) were unemployed.[49]

Individual statistical areas in 2018
Name Area
(km2)		 Population Density
(per km2)		 Households Median age Median
income
Pakuranga West 1.39 4,323 3,110 1,410 35.2 years $29,000[50]
Pakuranga Central 1.13 3,366 2,979 1,008 33.5 years $32,700[51]
New Zealand 37.4 years $31,800

Notable places

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Pakuranga Plaza was established in 1965.[52]

Howick Historical Village is a recreation of a 19th-century European settler village.[53][54] It opened to the public in 1997.[55]

Te Tuhi (previously known as Te Tuhi Centre for the Arts), an art gallery, opened in 1975.[56][57][58]

Bell House was built in 1851 and moved onto its current location at Lloyd Elsmore Park in 1895. In 1973 it was donated to the Historic Places Trust.[59]

Schools

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There was no school in the area before the 1960s so children had to walk or ride horses to the old Howick school which was located across from the Highland Park shops. The old school was moved to the old village display in Bells Rd, Pakuranga.

Edgewater College is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 654 students.[60]

Pakuranga Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 289 students.[61]

Anchorage Park School and Riverina School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 133 and 120 students, respectively.[62][63]

Saint Kentigern College (not to be confused with the boys' and girls' schools located in Remuera), is a private Presbyterian secondary school (years 7–13) with a roll of 2325 students.[64]

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024.[65]

Local government

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The first local government in the area was the Borough of Auckland, which was established in 1851 and administered some areas of Pakuranga.[66] In 1865, the Pakuranga Highway District was established, later becoming the Pakuranga Road Board.[13] This was merged into the Manukau County in 1921.[67] By 1956, the area had grown in size enough that the Pakuranga County Town was established within the Manukau County.[15] This was merged into Manukau City in 1965.[68] In November 2010, all cities and districts of the Auckland Region were amalgamated into a single body, governed by the Auckland Council.[69]

Pakuranga is part of the Howick local board area, who elects members of the Howick Local Board. Residents of Howick also elect two Howick ward councillors, who sits on the Auckland Council.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  3. ^ "Pakuranga". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  4. ^ "Pakuranga Creek". New Zealand Gazetteer. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  5. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 322.
  6. ^ "CliFlo -The National Climate Database (Agent number: 22167)". NIWA. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki and the Trustees of the Ngāi Tai Ki Tāmaki Trust and the Crown (7 November 2015). "Deed of settlement schedule documents" (PDF). NZ Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Ngai Tai Origins". Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  9. ^ Pegman, David M (August 2007). "The Volcanoes of Auckland" (PDF). Manukau City Council. Mangere Mountain Education Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  10. ^ a b La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 142.
  11. ^ "1 September 1841". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0088. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  12. ^ a b "History of Howick, Pakuranga and surrounding areas". Howick Welcome Guide. Howick and Pakuranga Times. 11 April 2005. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008.
  13. ^ a b "5 February 1863". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0657. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  14. ^ Bloomfield 1973, pp. 50–51.
  15. ^ a b c "28 March 1956". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_3437. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  16. ^ a b c d e Green, Nathew (2011). "From Hawaīki to Howick – A Ngāi Tai History". Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. By La Roche, Alan. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. pp. 16–33. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710.
  17. ^ a b c d Green, Nat (2010). Ōtau: a Ngāi Tai Cultural Heritage Assessment of Clevedon Village, Wairoa Valley (PDF) (Report). Auckland Council. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  18. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 133.
  19. ^ "1750". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0018. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  20. ^ a b Ballara 2003, pp. 206–234.
  21. ^ Ngāti Pāoa; The Trustees of the Ngāti Pāoa Iwi Trust; New Zealand Government (March 2021). "Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims" (PDF). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  22. ^ "Te Naupata / Musick Point". Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  23. ^ a b Heritage Department of the Auckland Regional Council. "Duder Regional Park – Our History" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  24. ^ "13 June 1865". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0760. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  25. ^ Moore, D; Rigby, B; Russell, M (July 1997). Rangahaua Whanui National Theme A: Old Land Claims (PDF) (Report). Waitangi Tribunal. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  26. ^ Clough, Tom; Apfel, Aaron; Clough, Rod (June 2020). 109 Beachlands Road, Beachlands, Auckland: Preliminary Archaeological Assessment (PDF) (Report). Environmental Protection Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  27. ^ a b La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 143.
  28. ^ a b La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 144.
  29. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 48.
  30. ^ "24 March 1848". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0169. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  31. ^ "15 October 1851". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0203. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  32. ^ a b "August 1865". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0824. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  33. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 94, 97.
  34. ^ a b c La Roche 2011, pp. 171–174.
  35. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 99.
  36. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 145.
  37. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 146–147.
  38. ^ a b La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 148.
  39. ^ a b La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 154.
  40. ^ "Pakuranga". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  41. ^ "28 September 1965". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4074. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  42. ^ "New Zealand's main malls". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  43. ^ La Roche, Alan 2011, pp. 156.
  44. ^ "June 1974". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4818. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  45. ^ "6 April 1975". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4877. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  46. ^ "29 March 1981". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_5337. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  47. ^ "Work starting on next stage of $1.4 billion busway in east Auckland". The New Zealand Herald. 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  48. ^ "Eastern Busway from Panmure to Pakuranga opens". The New Zealand Herald. 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  49. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Pakuranga West (149000) and Pakuranga Central (149800).
  50. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Pakuranga West
  51. ^ 2018 Census place summary: Pakuranga Central
  52. ^ "Auckland places - East Auckland". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
  53. ^ "Howick Historical Village".
  54. ^ "Howick Historical Village on NZ Museums". nzmuseums.co.nz. Te Papa.
  55. ^ An Introduction to the Howick Historical Village. Howick and Districts Historical Society. 1997.
  56. ^ "Te Tuhi". Te Tuhi.
  57. ^ "Te Tuhi on NZ Museums". nzmuseums.co.nz. Te Papa.
  58. ^ "New lease for Te Tuhi arts centre - Centre's future guaranteed". Our Auckland. Auckland Council. 2 October 2019.
  59. ^ Hall, Andrew (February 1980). Historic Buildings in Manukau City. Manukau City Council.
  60. ^ Education Counts: Edgewater College
  61. ^ Education Counts: Pakuranga Intermediate
  62. ^ Education Counts: Anchorage Park School
  63. ^ Education Counts: Riverina School
  64. ^ Education Counts: Saint Kentigern College
  65. ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  66. ^ "5 September 1851". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_0213. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  67. ^ "16 June 1921". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_1962. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  68. ^ "3 September 1965". Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections. MJ_4080. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  69. ^ Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572. ISSN 2324-1101.


Bibliography

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  • Ballara, Angela (2003). "Tāmaki-makau-rau (Auckland isthmus)". Taua: 'musket wars', 'land wars' or tikanga?: warfare in Maori society in the early nineteenth century. Auckland: Penguin. ISBN 9780143018896.
  • Bloomfield, G.T. (1973). The Evolution of Local Government Areas in Metropolitan Auckland, 1840–1971. Auckland University Press, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-647714-X.
  • La Roche, Alan (2011). Grey's Folly: A History of Howick, Pakuranga, Bucklands-Eastern Beaches, East Tamaki, Whitford, Beachlands and Maraetai. Auckland: Tui Vale Productions. ISBN 978-0-473-18547-3. OCLC 1135039710. Wikidata Q118286377.
  • La Roche, John (2011). "Tamaki River Bridge, Panmure". In La Roche, John (ed.). Evolving Auckland: The City's Engineering Heritage. Wily Publications. ISBN 9781927167038.
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