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Parliament Hill

This article is about the government buildings in Ottawa, Canada. For other uses, see Parliament Hill (disambiguation).

Parliament Hill (French: Colline du Parlement), colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern bank of the Ottawa River that houses the Parliament of Canada in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. It accommodates a suite of Gothic revival buildings whose architectural elements were chosen to evoke the history of parliamentary democracy. Parliament Hill attracts approximately three million visitors each year. The Parliamentary Protective Service is responsible for law enforcement on Parliament Hill and in the parliamentary precinct, while the National Capital Commission is responsible for maintaining the nine-hectare (22-acre) area of the grounds.

  • Parliament Hill
  • Colline du Parlement
Parliament Hill, 2009
LocationOttawa River / Wellington Street, Downtown Ottawa
Coordinates45°25′29″N 75°41′58″W / 45.42472°N 75.69944°W / 45.42472; -75.69944 (Parliament Hill, Ottawa, Canada)
Built1859–1876
Built forLegislature of the Province of Canada, Parliament of Canada
Architect
Visitors3 million annually
Governing bodyNational Capital Commission
Official nameGrounds of the Parliament Buildings National Historic Site of Canada
Designated1976

Development of the area, which in the 18th and early 19th centuries was the site of a military base, into a governmental precinct began in 1859 after Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada. Following several extensions to the Parliament and departmental buildings, and a fire in 1916 that destroyed the Centre Block, Parliament Hill took on its present form with the completion of the Peace Tower in 1927. In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were designated as National Historic Sites of Canada. Since 2002, an extensive $3 billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings that is expected to be completed after 2028.

History

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Early use

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Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in a primeval forest of beech and hemlock.[1] For hundreds of years, the hill was a landmark on the Ottawa River for First Nations people and later for European traders, adventurers, and industrialists, marking their journeys to the interior of the continent.[1] After the founding of Ottawa, which was then called Bytown, the builders of the Rideau Canal sited a military base on the hill,[2] naming it Barrack Hill. A large fortress was planned for the site following the War of 1812 and the Upper Canada rebellion but the threat of an American invasion subsided and the project was scrapped.[2]

Selection as a parliamentary precinct

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The Ottawa locks of the Rideau Canal, with Barrack Hill—present-day Parliament Hill—right of centre; 1832

In 1858, Queen Victoria selected Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada. Barrack Hill was chosen as the site of the new parliament buildings for its prominence over the town and the river,[1][3] and because the Crown already owned it.[4] On 7 May 1859, the Department of Public Works issued a call for design proposals for the new parliament buildings on Barrack Hill, for which 298 drawings were submitted. The number of entries was reduced to three but the panel of judges could not decide whose design should win the contest. Governor General Sir Edmund Walker Head was approached to break the stalemate, and the winners were announced on 29 August 1859.[5]

Contracts to build the Centre Block and departmental buildings were separately awarded. The first was awarded to the team of Thomas Fuller and Chilion Jones, with their Victorian High Gothic scheme of a formal, symmetrical front facing a quadrangle and a more rustic, picturesque back facing the escarpment and bluffs overlooking the Ottawa River. The team of Thomas Stent and Augustus Laver won the prize for the second category, which included the subsequent East and West Blocks structures.[5] These proposals were selected for their sophisticated use of Gothic architecture, which was thought to remind people of parliamentary democracy's old European history, and would contradict the republican neoclassical style of architecture used in Washington, D.C. It was also thought that it would be better suited to the rugged surroundings of still wilderness in northern North America, while being stately.[5] $300,000 was allocated for the main building and $120,000 more for each of the several departmental buildings.[6]

Construction and early use

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Centre Block under construction in 1863

Ground was broken on 20 December 1859 and the first stones were laid on 16 April the following year. Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII), laid the cornerstone of the Centre Block on 1 September.[4][3] Construction of Parliament Hill became the largest construction project undertaken in North America to that date.[7] Workers hit bedrock sooner than expected, necessitating blasting to complete the foundations, which the architects had altered to sit 5.2 metres (17 ft) deeper than originally planned.[4] By early 1861, the Canadian Department of Public Works reported over $1.4 million had been spent on the venture, leading to the closure of the site in September and the covering of the unfinished structures with tarpaulins until 1863, when construction resumed following a commission of inquiry.[4]

The site was still incomplete when three of the British North American colonies—now the provinces Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—entered Confederation in 1867, and Ottawa remained the capital of the new country. Within four years, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and the North-West Territories—now Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut—were added and, along with the associated bureaucracy, the first three required representation be added in Parliament. The offices of Parliament spread to buildings beyond Parliament Hill.[4]

 
Troops deliver a feu de joie on Parliament Hill for the Queen's Birthday Review in 1868.

The British military allocated a nine-pounder naval cannon to Ottawa's British army garrison in 1854. The newly created government of the Dominion of Canada purchased the cannon in 1869 and fired it on Parliament Hill as the Noonday Gun, which was colloquially known as "Old Chum",[8] for many years.[9]

By 1876, the structures of Parliament Hill, and the surrounding fence and gates, were completed. The grounds were designed with the help of architects Thomas Scott and Calvert Vaux.[5] Following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, in late September that year, Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later King George V)—Queen Victoria's grandson—dedicated a large statue that stands on the hill in the late Queen's honour.[10][11]

Fire, incidents, and renovations

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See also: Centre Block § Great fire, and Parliament Hill Rehabilitation
 
The parliament buildings the morning after the fire of 1916

On 3 February 1916, a fire destroyed the Centre Block.[12] Despite the ongoing war, Governor General Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, re-laid the original cornerstone on 1 September 1916, exactly fifty-six years after his brother the future King Edward VII had first set it. Eleven years later, the rebuilt Centre Block was completed and a new, freestanding bell tower was dedicated as the Peace Tower in commemoration of the Canadians who had died during the First World War.[13][14]

Parliament Hill has hosted several significant events in Canadian history, including the first visit of the reigning Canadian sovereign King George VI and his consort Queen Elizabeth to his Parliament in 1939.[15] A huge celebration on 8 May 1945 marked Victory in Europe Day,[16] and the first raising of the country's new national flag took place on 15 February 1965.[17] Queen Elizabeth II revisited Parliament Hill on 17 April 1982 for the issuing of a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act that year.[18]

In April 1989, armed man Charles Yacoub hijacked a Greyhound Lines bus with eleven passengers on board that was travelling to New York City from Montreal, and drove it onto the lawn in front of the Centre Block. A six-hour standoff with police ensued; three shots were fired but there were no injuries.[19]

 
The special Diamond Jubilee window of Queen Elizabeth II alongside Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee window

On 14 September 2001, 100,000 people gathered on the main lawn to honour the victims of the September 11 attacks on the United States that year.[20] Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee was commemorated with the installation of a specially tinted window in the Centre Block on 7 February 2012, one day after Accession Day.[21]

On 22 October 2014, shooting incidents occurred around Parliament Hill. After fatally shooting a Canadian Army soldier stationed as a ceremonial guard at the National War Memorial, a gunman entered the Centre Block of the parliament buildings. There, the shooter engaged in a firefight with Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons Kevin Vickers and members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). The incident ended when the shooter was killed by Vickers and RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett.[22][23] Following the incidents, the Parliamentary Protective Service was created to integrate the House of Commons and Senate security forces with RCMP patrols of the grounds.[23]

Since 2002, an extensive $3 billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings to bring the Parliament buildings to modern safety standards and to address their deteriorated state; work is not expected to be complete until after 2028.[24][25] The West Block was completed in November 2018 before the House of Commons moved there and renovations on the Senate of Canada Building concluded in 2019 to accommodate the Senate[26][27] while the Centre Block and East Block undergo renovations.[28] Work on the Sir John A. Macdonald Building was completed in 2015[29] and work on the Wellington Building was completed in 2016.[30] An architectural competition is being held for designs pertaining to the city block south of Wellington Street and a new Visitors Welcome Centre is being built.[25][31]

Grounds and name

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The southern front of the property is demarcated by a wrought iron fence. A portion of the Queen's Gates is pictured in the right foreground.

The nine-hectare (22-acre) area,[32] which the National Capital Commission maintains,[33] is named by the Parliament of Canada Act as "Parliament Hill" and is defined as resting between the Ottawa River to the north, the Rideau Canal and the Colonel By Valley to the east, Wellington Street to the south, and a service road called Kent Street near the Supreme Court to the west.[34] A Victorian, high-gothic, wrought iron fence demarcates the south front of the property.[35] The fence, which is named the Wellington Wall,[33] has its centre on an axis with the Peace Tower to the north and the formal entrance to Parliament Hill the Queen's Gates, which Ives & Co. of Montreal forged.[4] Approximately three million visitors come to the hill every year.[36]

The hill's main outdoor area is the formal forecourt, which is formed by the arrangement of the Parliament and departmental buildings on the site.[37]: 48  This expanse is the site of major celebrations, demonstrations, and traditional shows such as the annual Canada Day celebrations[37]: 54  and the Changing of the Guard.[38] To the sides of the buildings are statues, memorials, and at the northwest corner a gazebo called the Summer Pavilion, which is a 1995 reconstruction of an earlier gazebo named Summer House. Summer House was built for the Speaker of the House of Commons in 1877 by Thomas Seaton Scott and demolished in 1956.[39] Summer Pavilion now serves as the National Police Memorial.[33][40] Beyond the edges of these landscaped areas, the escarpment remains in its natural state.[37]: 45  At its base runs part of the Trans-Canada Trail, the portion between the West Block and the Supreme Court building being named the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of Elizabeth's accession to the Canadian throne.[41]

In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were each designated as National Historic Sites of Canada due to their importance as the physical embodiment of the Canadian government and as the focal point of national celebrations.[35][42]

The Parliament of Canada Act prohibits anyone naming any other area or establishment within the National Capital Region "Parliament Hill", and forbids the production of merchandise bearing that name.[34] Any violation of this law is punishable on summary conviction.[34]

 
Map showing the buildings on Parliament Hill and its surroundings. Click on the buildings to read their respective articles.

Parliament Buildings

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See also: Canadian Parliament Buildings
 
Aerial view of Canadian Parliament Buildings and its surroundings

The Parliament Buildings are three edifices arranged around three sides of Parliament Hill's central lawn. The speakers of each chamber of the legislature oversee the use and administration of the spaces within each building.[33] The Centre Block has the Senate and Commons chambers, and is fronted by the Peace Tower on the south facade, and the Library of Parliament lies at the building's rear.[43] The East Block contains ministers' and senators' offices, meeting rooms, and other administrative spaces.[44] The West Block is serving as the temporary seat of the House of Commons.[45] The buildings' unifying architectural style is Gothic Revival.[43][46]

Monuments and statues

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Further information: Royal monuments in Canada

More than 20 bronze statues in the grounds commemorate important figures in Canada's history. Most are arranged in the gardens behind the three parliamentary buildings and one stands outside the main fence.[47][a]

Figure Portrait Statue Notes
George-Étienne Cartier     This was the first statue erected on Parliament Hill and stands immediately west of the Centre Block. It was installed at the instigation of Sir John A. Macdonald.[47] From among proposals from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy, Louis-Philippe Hébert was chosen to sculpt the monument, which was set up in the 1880s.[47]
John A. Macdonald     Hébert was selected from 44 submissions from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe, to sculpt the statue of Canada's first prime minister.[47] It was unveiled on the hill on 1 July 1895.[48]
Queen Victoria     This statue is located at the northwest corner between the West and Centre Blocks. Hébert sculpted the statue of the country's first monarch that was first displayed at the 1900 Paris Exposition before being moved to Ottawa,[47] and dedicated by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, in 1901.[10]
Alexander Mackenzie     Hébert was commissioned to sculpt this figure, which stands directly to the north of the statue of Cartier, at the same time as he was awarded the project of the monument to Queen Victoria.[47] The statue was unveiled in 1901.[49]
Sir Galahad     This is the only statue on Parliament Hill that is not of a monarch or politician, or within the site's fences. It was installed in 1905 on the initiative of the future prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to honour the bravery of his friend Henry Albert Harper, who drowned trying to rescue a girl who fell through thin ice in the Ottawa River in 1901.[50] The statue was created by Ernest Wise Keyser.[50]
George Brown     The competition for these sculptures took place simultaneously and George William Hill won both. The statues were installed in 1913.[49]
D'Arcy McGee    
Robert Baldwin and
Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine		  
 		   This dual statue by Walter Seymour Allward has occupied the site at the northeast corner of the parliamentary precinct since 1914.[49]
Wilfrid Laurier     This work by Joseph-Émile Brunet was selected from 40 entries received from around the world. It was placed at the southeast corner of the site in 1922.[49]
Robert Borden     Frances Loring cast this likeness for the 1957 session of Parliament Queen Elizabeth II opened; it stands at the southwest corner of Parliament Hill.[49][51]
William Lyon Mackenzie King     Raoul Hunter designed this statue, which was commissioned for the Canadian Centennial in 1967 and stands at the northwest corner of the East Block.[49]
John Diefenbaker     In 1985, Parliament voted unanimously in favour of a motion that would commemorate John Diefenbaker with a statue.[49] Leo Mol was chosen from 21 submissions to sculpt this 1985 work, which stands immediately north of the West Block.[47]
Lester B. Pearson     Danek Mozdzenski completed this monument in 1989; it lies immediately north of the West Block.[47]
Queen Elizabeth II     Jack Harman sculpted this monument, which was unveiled in 1992 in the presence of the Queen, as part of the 125th anniversary of Confederation celebrations. It is situated in the opposite corner of the site from the statue of her great-great-grandmother.[47] Due to construction work on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to a roundabout on Sussex Drive.[47]
The Famous Five     This monument, which is entitled Women are Persons!, was donated in 2000 to the Crown by the Famous 5 Foundation. The monument is a collection of five statues by Barbara Paterson of each of The Famous Five—Emily Murphy, Irene Parlby, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, and Henrietta Edwards—as well as one empty chair.[52] Due to construction on Parliament Hill, the statue was moved to Plaza Bridge near the Senate of Canada building.[47]

A number of other monuments are distributed across the hill, marking historical moments or acting as memorials for larger groups of people.

Monument Image Notes
Centennial Flame   Lester B. Pearson dedicated this fountain and flame on 1 January 1967 to mark the beginning of the Canadian Centennial.[53]
Canadian Police and Peace Officers' Memorial   This memorial includes a recreation of the former Summer Pavilion and honours Canadian police officers who were killed in the line of duty since 1879.[40] It was dedicated on 22 March 1994 and has since been expanded to include the names of fallen officers from all law enforcement agencies, including the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Ministry of Conservation.[49] The first names to be memorialised were inscribed on three granite slabs, and following names are inscribed on glass panels around the perimeter wall.[54]
Victoria Tower Bell   The bell in this monument, which was unveiled in 2000, is the bell is the original from the Victoria Tower, and is canted to recall the way in which it was found after it fell from its perch in the fire of 1916.[49]
War of 1812 Monument   Seven figures—a First Nations individual, a Métis militiaman, a British infantryman, a Quebec Voltigeur, a woman bandaging one of them, a Royal Navy marine, and a farmer—represent the War of 1812.[55] Also part of the monument is a maple tree planted in soil taken from 10 Canadian battlefield sites and watered at the dedication with water from six oceans and lakes that were significant in the War of 1812. It was dedicated on 6 November 2014, the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Malcolm's Mills, the war's final battle in Canada.[56]
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail   A portion of the Trans-Canada Trail running along the Ottawa River named to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II

Surrounding area

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The Office of the Prime Minister and Privy Council Building is one of several federal properties situated next to Parliament Hill

Though Parliament Hill remains the heart of the parliamentary precinct, expansion beyond the bounded area began in the 1880s with the construction of the Langevin Block across Wellington Street. After private interests purchased land to the east across the canal to build the Château Laurier hotel, growth of the parliamentary infrastructure moved westward along Wellington Street with the erection in the 1930s of the Confederation and Justice Buildings on the north side, and further construction to the south. By the 1970s, the Crown began purchasing other structures or leasing space in the downtown civic area of Ottawa. In 1973, the Crown expropriated the entire block between Wellington and Sparks Streets, intending to construct a south block for Parliament Hill but the government dropped this proposal and instead constructed more office space in Hull, Quebec.[37]: 3–5  In 2021, this idea was revisited, and the Ministry of Public Services announced an architectural design competition for the block.[57]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Due to renovations on Parliament Hill, some statues have been relocated to other places around the hill.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Public Works and Government Services Canada (26 February 2013). "Pre-construction, 1826–1858". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b King, Andrew (13 February 2017). "What if Bytown had become Fortress Ottawa? Some imagined it might". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b "History of the Hill – Canada's Parliamentary Precinct – PWGSC". Public Services and Procurement Canada. 4 May 2021. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Construction, 1859–1916". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Public Works and Government Services Canada (27 March 2013). "Building The Hill". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  6. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Construction, 1859–1916—How much would it cost?". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  7. ^ Montgomery, Marc (3 February 2014). "Feb. 03, 1916: When Canada's Parliament burned". Rci | English. Radio Canada International. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  8. ^ "Backstage at Ottawa | The Man with a Notebook". Maclean's. Toronto: Maclean's. 15 June 1944. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  9. ^ Veterans Affairs Canada (20 February 2019). "Noonday Gun". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Statue of Queen Victoria". yale.edu. Yale Center For British Art. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  11. ^ Hubbard 1977, pp. 101–106.
  12. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada. "The Fire of 1916". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010.
  13. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Peace Tower". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
  14. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Reconstruction, 1916–1965". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  15. ^ Harris, Carolyn (22 May 2015). "1939 Royal Tour". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada.
  16. ^ Crawford, Blair (7 May 2020). "VE-Day 75 years later: 'The greatest mass demonstration of relief and joy ever to be witnessed in Canada's Capital'". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  17. ^ First official Canadian flag raised. Ottawa: CBC Archives. 1965.
  18. ^ "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982". Library and Archives Canada. 19 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  19. ^ "Gunman Hijacks Greyhound Bus in Canada, Surrenders". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. 8 April 1989. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  20. ^ O'Malley, Martin (12 February 2003). "Indepth: Canada-U.S. Relations". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  21. ^ Johnston, David (6 February 2012). "Diamond Jubilee Window". Governor General's Office. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  22. ^ CTVNews.ca staff (13 October 2015). "Mounties who helped end Parliament Hill attack still not recognized". CTV News. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  23. ^ a b Tumilty, Ryan (1 February 2020). "RCMP feared larger plot in 2014 ottawa rampage; Briefing notes reveal high tensions". National Post. Toronto, Ontario: Postmedia Network. p. A3. ProQuest 2349706379. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  24. ^ Akin, David (1 June 2020). "Parliament's $3B 'mother of all renovations' on time, on budget". Ottawa Citizen. Ottawa. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  25. ^ a b "Follow the Rehabilitation of the Parliament Buildings". Public Services and Procurement Canada. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  26. ^ Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015). "Restoring and modernizing the Senate of Canada Building". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  27. ^ Public Services and Procurement Canada (31 July 2015). "Restoring and modernizing the West Block". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  28. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (31 July 2015). "Restoring and modernizing the East Block". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  29. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (4 May 2021). "Rehabilitating the Sir John A. Macdonald Building". Queens Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  30. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (4 May 2021). "Rehabilitating the Wellington Building". Queens Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  31. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (19 January 2016). "Visitor Welcome Centre". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  32. ^ "The Hill Grounds". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  33. ^ a b c d Bosc, Marc; O'Brien, Audrey (2009). "The Parliament Buildings and Grounds". House of Commons Procedure and Practice (2 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. ISBN 9782896353217. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  34. ^ a b c Parliament of Canada Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. P-1, s. 80
  35. ^ a b "Public Grounds of the Parliament Buildings". Canadian Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  36. ^ "Parliament Hill tourist facilities overwhelmed". CTV News. Bell Media. Canadian Press. 6 May 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d House of Commons (22 October 1999). "Building the Future" (PDF). Circulation. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  38. ^ Pringle, Josh (3 April 2020). "Changing of the Guard on Parliament Hill cancelled due to COVID-19". CTV News. Bell Media. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  39. ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police (6 February 2013). "Canadian Police & Peace Officers' Memorial". Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  40. ^ a b Barnes 2000, p. 213.
  41. ^ Government of Canada (25 October 2012), Governor General to Unveil New Plaque in Honour of the Naming of The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Trail, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 5 October 2023
  42. ^ "Parliament Buildings". Canadian Register of Historic Places. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  43. ^ a b "History, Arts and Architecture". House of Commons of Canada. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  44. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (31 July 2015). "Explore the East Block". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  45. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (31 July 2015). "Explore the West Block". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  46. ^ Parks Canada. "Parliament Hill, Complex". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Explore the statues, monuments and memorials of the Hill". canada.ca. Queen's Printer for Canada. 31 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  48. ^ Proceedings at the Unveiling of the Monument to Sir John A. MacDonald, G. C. B. at Ottawa, July 1st, 1895 (PDF). Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau. 1895. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Statues – Parliament Hill". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013.
  50. ^ a b "Harper Memorial (Sir Galahad)". canada.ca. Queen's Printer for Canada. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  51. ^ "Young Royals have long ties to Canada". Senate of Canada. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  52. ^ "Women Are Persons!". canada.ca. Queen's Printer for Canada. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  53. ^ McIntosh, Andrew; King, Betty Nygaard (2017). "Canada's Centennial Celebrations, 1967". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Historica Canada.
  54. ^ Canadian Police Memorial Ride to Remember. "The Memorial Book, the Pavilion and the Memorial Stone". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  55. ^ Whyte, Murray (27 June 2014). "Toronto sculptor Adrienne Alison creates monument to War of 1812". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  56. ^ "War of 1812 monument unveiled on Parliament Hill". Ottawa Citizen. 7 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  57. ^ Public Works and Government Services Canada (20 November 2019). "Architectural design competition for Block 2". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

Sources

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Further reading

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