Pearl Louella Kendrick (August 24, 1890 – October 8, 1980) was an American bacteriologist known for co-developing the first successful whooping cough vaccine alongside fellow Michigan Department of Public Health scientist Grace Eldering and chemist Loney Gordon in the 1930s.[1] In the decades after the initial pertussis vaccine rollout, Kendrick contributed to the promotion of international vaccine standards in Latin America and the Soviet Union.[2] Kendrick and her colleagues also developed a 3-in-1 shot for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus called the DTP vaccine which was initially released in 1948.[3]
Pearl Kendrick | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Pearl Louella Kendrick August 24, 1890 |
| Died | October 8, 1980 (aged 90) |
| Alma mater | Syracuse University Johns Hopkins University |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Bacteriology, Public Health |
Early life and education
editPearl Louella Kendrick was born on August 24, 1890, in Wheaton, Illinois, US, and suffered from whooping cough as a young child. She graduated high school in 1908 and attended Greenville College for a year before transferring to Syracuse University. In 1914, she received her B.S. in zoology from Syracuse.[4][1] Kendrick worked as a teacher in update New York, but continued her scientific education by studying bacteriology with Hans Zinsser at Columbia University in 1917.[1][5] Kendrick graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1932[4] while simultaneously working at the Michigan Department of Public Health as an associate director and chief.[6]
Research
editAfter moving to Michigan for work and graduating from Johns Hopkins, Kendrick began to research whooping cough (pertussis) to try to solve the growing issue of the contagious disease. Based on the statistical data of the time, the disease killed an average of 6,000 people in the United States per year, with the majority (95%) being children.When she moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan, Kendrick worked at the Western Michigan Branch Laboratory of the Michigan Department of Health. It was there that she met Grace Eldering, a fellow scientist at the Department who also had an interest in developing a pertussis vaccine.[7][1] Loney Clinton (later Loney Gordon) was hired by Kendrick around 1944 to focus on laboratory culture of the causal agent, the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.[4]
Kendrick and Eldering headed the vaccine project through program development, testing, and the eventual inoculation of children with the pertussis vaccine.[5][8] The pair conducted door-to-door field research where they took samples from sick children in the Grand Rapids area.[1] Eventually, the two used these samples to develop the whooping cough vaccine, which they gave to treatment groups during an experiment known as the Grand Rapids Trials.[9][1] In the midst of their research, World War II was also in full effect. This led to many scientific studies facing cessation due to being underfunded. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt took an interest in Kendrick's and Eldering's work and assisted them with obtaining funds from the Works Progress Administration (WPA).[10][1] With this added assistance, the development of the vaccine could be continued. As a result of analyzing the data collected from the trials for nearly three years, it was found that the vaccine was a success.[10] Michigan started distributing the vaccines in 1940 and deaths from whooping cough declined.[7][11] Their work contributed significantly[12] to the development of cough plate diagnostics.[13] The collaborative nature of their work within the bacteriological research community and their partnerships with the Grand Rapids public health community are recognized as an important contribution to vaccine research and public health.[14]
Further research and modern implications
editIn the following years, Kendrick, Eldering, and Gordon developed a vaccine for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT vaccine).[15][1] DPT vaccines were the prevailing defense against the three diseases until concerns arose about the safety and efficacy of this vaccine type in the 1980s and 1990s. The DPT vaccine laid the groundwork for new vaccine developments. Subsequently, a molecularly different variation of the DPT vaccine called the DTaP was created and became the principal vaccine for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus in the U.S. and abroad.[3]
Later life and death
editIn 1951, Kendrick retired from the Michigan Department of Public Health. After retiring, she became a faculty member at the University of Michigan's Department of Epidemiology. She retired from the university in 1960. Kendrick served as president of the Michigan American Society for Microbiology. She died on October 8, 1980, in Grand Rapids.[7]
Awards and honors
editKendrick was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame Historical Honors Division in 1983.[2][16]
Kendrick, alongside Eldering and Gordon, are honored with a statue titled Adulation: The Future of Science at the Michigan State University Research Center in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The statue, designed by Jay Hall Carpenter, is part of the city's Community Legends Project, which seeks to build statues honoring prominent Grand Rapids figures.[17][18]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Conniff, Richard (March 2022). "The Unsung Heroes Who Ended a Deadly Plague". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Pearl Kendrick" (PDF). Michigan Women's Historical Center & Hall of Fame. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ a b Klein, Nicola P (2014-11-06). "Licensed pertussis vaccines in the United States". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 10 (9): 2684–2690. doi:10.4161/hv.29576. ISSN 2164-5515. PMC 4975064. PMID 25483496.
- ^ a b c Bannink, Jill. "Finding aid for the Michigan women and the whooping cough vaccine collection: Collection 328" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
- ^ a b Shapiro-Shapin, Carolyn G. (August 2010). "Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the Pertussis Vaccine". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (8): 1273–1278. doi:10.3201/eid1608.100288. PMC 3298325. PMID 20678322.
- ^ Mason, Karen M. "Finding Aid for Pearl L. Kendrick Papers,1888-1979". Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ a b c "Pearl Kendrick" (PDF). Michigan Women's Historical Center & Hall of Fame. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ Kendrick P, Eldering G (1936). "Progress Report on Pertussis Immunization". Am J Public Health Nations Health. 26 (1): 8–12. doi:10.2105/ajph.26.1.8. PMC 1562571. PMID 18014359.
- ^ Zarrelli, Natalie. "Whooping Cough Killed 6,000 Kids a Year Before These Ex-Teachers Created a Vaccine". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ a b "Pearl Kendrick--A Woman Who Fought Whooping Cough | Ann Arbor District Library". aadl.org. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ Pediatric Research – Childhood Vaccine Development: An Overview
- ^ Shapiro-Shapin, Carolyn G. (2010). "Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the Pertussis Vaccine". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (8): 1273–1278. doi:10.3201/eid1608.100288. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3298325. PMID 20678322.
- ^ Kendrick P, Eldering G (1934). "Cough Plate Examinations for B. Pertussis". American Journal of Public Health. 24 (4): 309–18. doi:10.2105/ajph.24.4.309. PMC 1558621. PMID 18013967.
- ^ Shapiro-Shapin, Carolyn G. (Spring 2007). ""A Whole Community Working Together": Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the Grand Rapids Pertussis Trials, 1932-1939". Michigan Historical Review. 33 (1): 59–85. doi:10.1353/mhr.2007.0001. JSTOR 20174193.
- ^ "This Week In Illinois History: Dr. Pearl Kendrick (October 8, 1980)". Northern Public Radio: WNIJ and WNIU. 2021-10-04. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ "Dr. Pearl Kendrick and Dr. Grace Eldering – Greater Grand Rapids Women's History Council". Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ Scott, Monica (2019-09-27). "Sculpture honors Grand Rapids women who pioneered whooping cough vaccine". mlive. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ^ "Community Legends Sculptures Tour". Experience Grand Rapids. 2024-02-06. Retrieved 2024-05-09.
References
edit- O'Hern, Elizabeth Moot (1985). Profiles of Pioneer Women Scientists. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books. ISBN 978-0-87491-811-3.