The Philipsburg Proclamation was issued by British Army General Sir Henry Clinton on 30 June 1779 to encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the Royal Forces.[1][2] The proclamation, now a historical document, followed after Dunmore's Proclamation in 1775 and the establishment of the Royal Ethiopian Regiment in Virginia.
| Philipsburg Proclamation | |
|---|---|
| Created | 30 June 1779 |
| Author(s) | General Sir Henry Clinton |
| Purpose | To encourage slaves to run away and enlist in the British Armed Forces |
Text
editGeneral Clinton issued the following proclamation:[3]
Whereas the enemy have adopted a practice of enrolling NEGROES among their Troops, I do hereby give notice That all NEGROES taken in arms, or upon any military Duty, shall be purchased for the public service at a stated Price; the money to be paid to the Captors.
But I do most strictly forbid any Person to sell or claim Right over any NEGROE, the property of a Rebel, who may take Refuge with any part of this Army: And I do promise to every NEGROE who shall desert the Rebel Standard, full security to follow within these Lines, any Occupation which he shall think proper.
Given under my Hand, at Head Quarters, PHILIPSBURGH the 30th day of June, 1779.
H CLINTON
Background
editThe proclamation extended the scope of Dunmore's Proclamation, issued four years earlier by Virginia's last Royal governor, Lord Dunmore, granting freedom to slaves in Virginia willing to serve the Royal forces. The new document, issued from Clinton's temporary headquarters at the Philipsburg Manor House in Westchester County, New York, proclaimed all slaves in the newly-established United States belonging to American Patriots free, regardless of their willingness to fight for the British Crown.[4] It further promised protection, freedom, and land to any slaves who left their masters.[5]
The move was one of desperation on the part of the British, who realized that the Revolution was not going in their favor.[6] In some ways, it was too 'successful' once so many slaves escaped (over 5,000 from Georgia alone) that Clinton ordered many to return to their masters.[7][8][9]
Aftermath
editThe Treaty of Paris (1783) provided that all property including slaves would be returned to their rebel masters. However, the British commanders refused, and compensation was paid instead.[10] About 3,000 former slaves were relocated to Nova Scotia,[11] where they were known as Black Loyalists. Many continued on to Sierra Leone, where they established Freetown, its capital.
References
edit- ^ Carnahan, Burrus M. (2007). Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 18. ISBN 978-0-8131-2463-6.
- ^ "REVOLUTIONARY WAR3/Sir Henry Clinton's Philipsburg Proclamation, June 30, 1779.jpg". Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ "Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society". The Society. July 5, 1863 – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Philipsburg Proclamation". Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ Hilvers, Julie. "Freedom Bound: Black Loyalists". Archived from the original on November 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ "Who were the Black Loyalists?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ Poplack, Shana (2001). African American English in the Diaspora. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-631-21266-3.
- ^ Davis, David Brion (2006). Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-19-514073-7.
- ^ Brown, Christopher Leslie (2006). Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age. Yale University Press. pp. 190. ISBN 0-300-10900-8.
- ^ "Who were the Black Loyalists?". Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ Brooks, Joanna (2002). Face Zion Forward: First Writers of the Black Atlantic, 1785–1798. UPNE. pp. 6. ISBN 1-55553-540-2.