Samuel L. Howard

Samuel L. Howard
Samuel L. Howard
Born	March 8, 1891; Washington, D.C., U.S.
Died	October 12, 1960 (aged 69)
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service / branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1914–1953
Rank	Lieutenant general
Commands	6th Marine Regiment; 4th Marine Regiment; 1st Marine Division
Battles / wars	Banana Wars Haiti intervention; ; World War I; World War II Second Sino-Japanese War; Philippines campaign (1941–1942) Battle of Bataan; Battle of Corregidor ; ; Japanese occupation of the Philippines (POW); ; Chinese Civil War Operation Beleaguer; ; Korean War;
Awards	Navy Cross; Purple Heart

Samuel Lutz Howard (March 8, 1891 – October 12, 1960) was a United States Marine Corps general who served with distinction in the Marine Corps for thirty-eight years. In the early stages of World War II, General Howard commanded the 4th Marine Regiment on Bataan and Corregidor from December 7, 1941, to May 6, 1942. For distinguished service in that bitter encounter, he was awarded the Navy Cross. Captured by the Japanese at Corregidor, he was forced to march many miles to a prison camp where he was held as a prisoner of war from 1942 until being liberated in 1945. He was the most senior U.S. Marine to be held captive during World War II. After the war, he continued to serve until 1953, including posts as commanding general of the 1st Marine Division, Commanding General of Marine Corps Recruit depot Parris Island S.C. from Feb. 2nd 1946 to Feb. 12 1946, and his final post as Inspector General of the Marine Corps.

Biography

Howard was born on March 8, 1891, in Washington, D.C. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1912. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps on May 11, 1914, at which time he reported for duty at the Marine Officers' School, Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia.

Early military career

In August 1915, Howard was sent on his first tour of foreign duty to Port au Prince, Haiti, with a Marine Expeditionary regiment, which was sent to Haiti after two Americans were killed by snipers.^[1]

In December 1916, he went to sea as a member of the Marine Detachment aboard the USS Wyoming (BB-32) and remained on sea duty for almost three years, assuming command of the Marine detachment, USS Georgia (BB-15) in 1917, and the Marine detachment on the USS New Mexico (BB-40) in 1918.

Two years of recruiting duty in Richmond, Virginia, and a year at the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., preceded the General's second tour of foreign duty, this time with the Second Brigade Marines in Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.

Returning to the United States in August 1924, he served at the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California, with the Fourth Marine Regiment until assigned to the Field Officers' Course, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, Virginia, the following year. Upon graduation in May 1926, he was assigned to duty at Marine Corps Headquarters in Washington, D.C., where he was a member of the War Plans Section, and later a member of the Commandant's Department (then John A. Lejeune).

In June 1929, Howard joined the United States occupation of Haiti, where his duties for the next years included chief of police and department commander, Port au Prince, Haiti. He was returned to the U.S. and assumed duties with the First Battalion, Seventh Marines, until August 1934, at which time he was again transferred to Marine Corps Headquarters. From August 1934 until June 1938, he served as the executive officer, Division of Operations and Training, Headquarters Marine Corps.

In June 1938, he was ordered to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, as a student in the Senior Course. Following graduation, the Howard joined the Second Brigade, Fleet Marine Force, as commanding officer, Sixth Marine Regiment later becoming Brigade Executive Officer, and finally Division Chief of Staff of the Marine Division. He was promoted to the rank of colonel in October 1938.^[2]

World War II

Eight months prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Howard went to China to take command of the Fourth Marines at Shanghai, assuming command on May 14, 1941.^[3] In late November, the regiment was withdrawn from China, and arrived in the Philippines on December 2.

Five days later, Howard and the 4th Marines began the fight that lasted until the fall of Corregidor in May 1942.^[4] For his distinguished service during the bitter fighting at Bataan and Corregidor, he was awarded the Navy Cross.

Navy Cross citation:

Howard's Navy Cross citation reads in part:

...Colonel Howard successfully and efficiently employed his force in the defense of Olongapo until ordered to withdraw. The Regiment was then shifted to Corregidor where it rendered outstandingly courageous service in the defense of the beaches of that island fortress...

During the prolonged siege, Colonel Howard commanded all beach defenses... Although exposed to many and repeated bombing and strafing attacks, and terrific artillery bombardments, Colonel Howard displayed outstanding qualities of courage, leadership and efficiency under most difficult and hazardous conditions.

Howard was taken captive – and was the most senior U.S. Marine taken captive during World War II.^[5] Howard remained a prisoner of war until liberated in August 1945. He was retroactively promoted to major general, effective March 30, 1942.^[2]

He was returned to the United States, and after several months, was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Parris Island, South Carolina, as Deputy Commanding General. He served as acting commander from February 2, 1946 – February 12, 1946.^[6]

Post war years

Returning to China in September 1946, General Howard assumed command of the First Marine Division (Reinforced) with headquarters in Tientsin. Upon withdrawal of the First Marine Division from China in June 1947, he was transferred to Pearl Harbor to become commanding general, Marine Garrison Forces, Pacific, which post to be held until September 1, 1948, when he returned to the United States.

On September 10, 1948, he was ordered to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., as president of the Naval Examining Board and president of the Marine Corps Reserve Examining Board.

He assumed his final post as of Inspector General of the Marine Corps on June 6, 1950; holding the post for almost three years.^[7]

Retirement

Howard retired from the Marine Corps on March 31, 1953, and was advanced to the grade of lieutenant general.

Howard died on October 12, 1960, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.^[8] He left behind his widow, Marianna Buckner Gray Howard, and two daughters, Nancy Howard Shepard, and Elizabeth Howard Richardson.

Awards and decorations

Lieutenant General Howard's decoration and medals include:

	Navy Cross
Purple Heart	Army Distinguished Unit Badge w/ 1 oak leaf cluster	Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal w/ 2 service stars	Haitian Campaign Medal (1917)
World War I Victory Medal w/ "Atlantic Fleet" clasp	American Defense Service Medal w/ 1 service star	Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ 1 service star	World War II Victory Medal
National Order of Honour and Merit (Haiti)	Haitian Distinguished Service Medal w/ Diploma	Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner (China)	Philippine Defense Medal with star

Notes

^ "Haitians Kill Two of Our Men; Regiment Going". New York Times. July 31, 1915. p. 3. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Marine Corps Generals of World War II". Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Santelli, James S. (1970). "Commanding Officers, 4th Marines". A Brief History of the 4th Marines. Marine Corps Historical Reference Pamphlet. Historical Division, United States Marine Corps. p. 60. Retrieved February 18, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Millett, Allan R. (1991). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. Simon and Schuster. pp. 356–357. ISBN 978-0-02-921596-8. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Rottman, Gordon L.; Duncan Anderson (2004). US Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations, 1941–43 (Illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84176-518-1. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
^ Champie, Elmore A. (1962). "Commanders of Marine Corps Activities at Parris Island, South Carolina, 1891–1956". A Brief History of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, South Carolina, 1891–1962. Historical Branch, United States Marine Corps. p. 28. Archived from the original on October 2, 2000.
^ "Former Inspector Generals of the Marine Corps". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Burial Detail: Howard, Samuel L – ANC Explorer

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps.

"Lieutenant General Samuel L. Howard, USMC". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved January 16, 2009.