San (Bambara: ߛߊߣ tr. San) is an urban commune, town and capital of the Cercle of San in the Ségou Region of Mali. The town lies 10 kilometres or 6 miles south of the Bani River. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 68,078.
San | |
|---|---|
Commune and town | |
 San Mosque | |
  San Location in Mali | |
| Coordinates: 13°18′N 4°54′W / 13.300°N 4.900°W | |
| Country |  Mali |
| Region | Ségou Region |
| Cercle | San Cercle |
| Beginning of urbanization | c. 1400 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 155 km2 (60 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 279 m (915 ft) |
| Population (2009 census)[2] | |
| • Total | 68,078 |
| • Density | 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
History
editThe area of San was for centuries a fishing camp for Bozo people. Around 1400 CE it began to develop as a trade city at a crucial ford over the Bani linking the Inner Niger Delta to the goldfields to the south, although oral traditions conflict on whether Marka from Dia or Dyula from Djenne were responsible. The town was attacked by Askia Ishaq I of the Songhai Empire in 1542. At the time it may have been known under the name 'Sama'.[3]
In 1690 San, a prosperous market town, was conquered by Biton Coulibaly and integrated into the growing Bamana Empire. In 1739, Famaghan Ouattara of the Kong Empire intervened in a Bamana civil war and destroyed the town. It was later rebuilt somewhat further north. San was incorporated into the Massina Empire by Cheikhou Amadou in the 1830s, and became a theocratic state. For this reason, when El-Hajj Omar Tall destroyed Massina in the 1860s he spared the city.[3]
The Almamy of San was forced to sign a protectorate treaty with France in 1891. The city's independence was soon curtailed by the colonial administration, however. In 1915 the area witnessed a series of rebellions against forced recruitment into the French army and forced labor during World War I, and the town's population plummetted.[3]
San was elevated to the status of commune under the French colonial regime in November 1955.[4]
Economy and Culture
editSan is the center for production of bògòlanfini, a traditional Malian fabric. It also is a center of horse breeding. The main engine of the economy, however, is trade on the main highways that pass through town and the rice fields along the Bani river.[3]
Attractions in the town include the San Museum and the Sudanic-style mosque. The yearly Sanke Mo fishing festival takes place every June, and has been officially classified as part of the national cultural patrimony of Mali.[5]
Climate
editSan has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with a wet season from late May to early October. Almost no rain falls during the long dry season from early October to late May, while afternoon temperatures are sweltering except in December and January, when they are merely hot in the afternoon and pleasant to warm in the mornings.
| Climate data for San (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | — | — | 44.6 (112.3) |
45.2 (113.4) |
45.7 (114.3) |
— | — | — | — | — | — | 39.7 (103.5) |
45.7 (114.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.4 (101.1) |
41.4 (106.5) |
42.2 (108.0) |
40.6 (105.1) |
35.9 (96.6) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
38.6 (101.5) |
36.5 (97.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
29.9 (85.8) |
33.3 (91.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
30.7 (87.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
29.5 (85.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.4 (0.02) |
1.3 (0.05) |
12.2 (0.48) |
35.3 (1.39) |
116.3 (4.58) |
162.2 (6.39) |
74.8 (2.94) |
14.3 (0.56) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.2 (0.01) |
417.5 (16.44) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 7.9 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 43.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 276.3 | 256.3 | 288.0 | 265.0 | 264.3 | 241.5 | 234.7 | 219.7 | 247.5 | 287.6 | 284.7 | 278.3 | 3,143.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (sun, 1991-2020)[7] | |||||||||||||
Notable People
edit- Former President of Mali Bah Ndaw, born in San on 23 August 1950
- Historian and ethnologist Youssouf Tata Cisse
Twin towns
editSan is twinned with:
Chaumont, Haute-Marne, France, since 1995
References
edit- ^ Plan de Sécurité Alimentaire Commune Urbaine de San 2007-2011 (PDF) (in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-20.
- ^ Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Ségou) (PDF) (in French), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique.
- ^ a b c d Massing, Andrew (2009). "SAN AND THE SANKÉ: A HISTORY OF A MARKA MALINKÉ TRADING CITY ON THE NIGER". Mande Studies. 11.
- ^ Kô Samaké, Modibo Keïta, Recherche sur l’Historique de la Décentralisation au Mali: De la Période Coloniale à la 3e République, Penser pour agir.org, 7 février 2006 [1]
- ^ Conseil des Ministres du 26 janvier 2011
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: San" (CSV). NOAA. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
- ^ "Climate Normals 1991–2020". Meteo Climat. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
External links
edit- Massing, Andreas (1996), Democratisation et decentralisation: Relations entre structures socio-politiques traditionnelles et modernes dans la commune de San (in French), Bamako, Mali: République du Mali.