Southern Thai (ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tʰaj tʰìn tâːj]), also known as Dambro (ภาษาตามโพร [pʰaːsǎː taːm pʰroː]), Pak Tai (ภาษาปักษ์ใต้ [pʰaːsǎː pàk tâːj]), or "Southern language" (ภาษาใต้ [pʰaːsǎː tâːj]),[citation needed] is a Southwestern Tai ethnolinguistic identity[2] and language spoken in southern Thailand, as well as by small communities in the northernmost states of Malaysia. It is spoken by roughly five million people and as a second language by the 1.5 million speakers of Pattani and other ethnic groups such as the local Peranakan communities, Negritos and other tribal groups.[citation needed] Most speakers are also fluent in or understand the Central Thai dialects.
| Southern Thai | |
|---|---|
| ภาษาไทยถิ่นใต้ | |
| Pronunciation | /pʰaːsǎː tʰaj tʰìn tâːj/ |
| Native to | Southern Thailand, Kedah, Kelantan and Tanintharyi Region |
| Ethnicity | Southern Thai Peranakans Malaysian Siamese Thai Malays |
Native speakers | 4.5 million (2006)[1] |
Kra–Dai
| |
| Thai script Thai Braille | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Regulated by | None |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sou |
| Glottolog | sout2746 |
 | |
Classification
editSouthern Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages, the others being Thai, Northern Thai and numerous smaller languages. They, together with the Northwestern Tai and the Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of the Tai languages. The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family, which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages that are spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and northern Vietnam to the Cambodia border.
- Kra-Dai
- Hlai languages
- Kam-Sui languages
- Kra languages
- Be language
- Tai languages
- Northern Tai languages
- Central Tai languages
- Southwestern Tai languages
- Northwestern Tai languages
- Chiang Saen languages
- Northern Thai language
- Sukhothai language
- Thai language
- Southern Thai language
- Lao-Phuthai languages
Dialects
editPhonyarit (2018)[3] recognizes the following nine main dialects of Southern Thai, based on tone split and merger patterns.
Southern Thai (Eastern)
edit- Nakhonsithammarat dialect (Standard), spoken in the upper part of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and eastern part of Surat Thani Province
- Thungsong dialect, spoken in the lower part of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and surrounding provinces such as Phatthalung
- Songkhla dialect, spoken in Songkhla and surrounding provinces, except in Hat Yai district, where Krungthep dialect with southern loanwords is spoken
- Syburi dialect, spoken in Syburi (Kedah), Palis and Satun Province
Southern Thai (Western)
edit- Chaiya dialect, spoken in the most part of Surat Thani Province and Ranong Province, classified as a dialect of the Peranakans except in Bandon district, where the Krungthep dialect is spoken with southern loanwords.
- Chumphon dialect, spoken in Chumphon Province and the southern part of Prachuap Khiri Khan Provinces
- Phuket dialect, spoken by Peranakans in Phuket Province, Krabi Province, Trang Province and Phang Nga Provinces
- Samui dialect, spoken in Samui District and Pha-ngan District
Takbai dialect
edit- Takbai dialect, spoken by the Siamese minority in Pattani
Distribution
editIn Thailand, speakers of Southern Thai can be found in a contiguous region beginning as far north as southern part of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province and extending southward to the border with Malaysia. Smaller numbers of speakers reside in the Malaysian border states, especially Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perlis, and Perak. In those areas, it is the primary language of ethnic Thais and of the ethnicall- Malay people on both sides of the Thai-Malaysian border in Satun and Songkhla provinces.
Although numerous regional variations exist, and there is no standard, the language is most distinct near the Malaysian border. All varieties, however, remain mutually intelligible. For economic reasons, many speakers of Southern Thai have migrated to Bangkok and other Thai cities. Some have also emigrated to Malaysia, which offers economic opportunity but also a culture that shares Islam, which is practiced by some speakers of Southern Thai.
History
editMalay kingdoms ruled much of the Malay Peninsula,[citation needed] such as the Pattani Kingdom and Tambralinga, but most of the area, at one time or another, was under the rule of Srivijaya. The population of the Malay Peninsula was heavily influenced by the culture of India that was transmitted through missionaries or indirectly through traders. Numerous Buddhist and Hindu shrines attest to the diffusion of Indian culture. The power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the growth of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, which subsequently became a vassal of the Sukhothai Kingdom. The area has been a frontier between the northern Tai peoples and the southern ethnic Malays as well as between Buddhism and Islam.
Phonology
editTones
editThe majority of speakers using Southern Thai varieties display five phonemic tones (tonemes) in citation monosyllables although effects of sandhi can result in a substantially higher number of tonal allophones. This is true for dialects north of approximately 10° N and south of 7° N latitude, as well as urban sociolects throughout Southern Thailand. In between, there are dialects with six- and seven-tone systems. The dialect of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province (approximately centered on 8° N latitude), for example, has seven phonemic tones.[4]
Initials
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
(Alveolo-) Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ม |
/n/ ณ, น |
/ɲ/ ญ[a] |
|||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
tenuis | /p/ ป |
/t/ ฏ, ต |
/tɕ/ จ |
/k/ ก |
/ʔ/ อ[b] |
| aspirate | /pʰ/ ผ, พ, ภ |
/tʰ/ ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ |
/tɕʰ/ ฉ, ช, ฌ |
/kʰ/ ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ[c] |
||
| voiced | /b/ บ |
/d/ ฎ, ด |
||||
| Fricative | /f/ ฝ, ฟ |
/s/ ซ, ศ, ษ, ส |
/h/ ง, ห, ฮ | |||
| Approximant | /w/ ว |
/l/ ล, ฬ |
/j/ ญ, ย |
|||
| Rhotic/Liquid | /r/ ร |
|||||
Clusters
editIn Southern Thai, each syllable in a word is considered separate from the others and so combinations of consonants from adjacent syllables are never recognised as clusters. Southern Thai has phonotactical constraints that define the permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters and vowel sequences. The original Thai vocabulary introduces only 11 combined consonantal patterns:
- /kr/ (กร), /kl/ (กล), /kw/ (กว)
- /kʰr/ (ขร, คร), /kʰl/ (ขล, คล), /kʰw/ (ขว, คว)
- /pr/ (ปร), /pl/ (ปล)
- /pʰr/ (พร), /pʰl/ (ผล, พล)
- /tr/ (ตร)
Finals
editAll plosive sounds (besides the glottal stop /ʔ/) are unreleased. Hence, final /p/, /t/, and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [p̚], [t̚], and [k̚] respectively. Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final, and the other 36 are grouped as follows:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ม |
/n/ ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ |
/ŋ/ ง |
||
| Plosive | /p/ บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ |
/t/ จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ ,ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส |
/k/ ก, ข, ค, ฆ |
/ʔ/[a] | |
| Approximant | /w/ ว |
/j/ ย |
- ^ The glottal stop appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.
Vowels
editThe vowels of Southern Thai are similar to those of Central Thai and, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet, the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai alphabet, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant must follow.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | /i/ -ิ |
/iː/ -ี |
/ɯ/ -ึ |
/ɯː/ -ื- |
/u/ -ุ |
/uː/ -ู |
| Mid | /e/ เ-ะ |
/eː/ เ- |
/ɤ/ เ-อะ |
/ɤː/ เ-อ |
/o/ โ-ะ |
/oː/ โ- |
| Open | /ɛ/ แ-ะ |
/ɛː/ แ- |
/a/ -ะ, -ั- |
/aː/ -า |
/ɔ/ เ-าะ |
/ɔː/ -อ |
The vowels each exist in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Southern Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา /khaw/ means "he/she", while ขาว /khaːw/ means "white".
The long-short pairs are as follows:
| Long | Short | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thai | IPA | Example | Thai | IPA | Example | ||||
| –า | /aː/ | ฝาน | /faːn/ | 'to slice' | –ะ | /a/ | ฝัน | /fan/ | 'to dream' |
| –ี | /iː/ | –ิ | /i/ | ||||||
| –ู | /uː/ | –ุ | /u/ | หนุน | /nun/ | 'jackfruit' | |||
| เ– | /eː/ | เล | /leː/ | 'sea' | เ–ะ | /e/ | |||
| แ– | /ɛː/ | แขบ | /kʰɛːp/ | 'hurry' | แ–ะ | /ɛ/ | แหยะ | /jɛʔ/ | 'leftover' |
| –ื- | /ɯː/ | คืน | /kʰɯːn/ | 'to return' | –ึ | /ɯ/ | |||
| เ–อ | /ɤː/ | เ–อะ | /ɤ/ | เงิน | /hɤn/ | 'money' | |||
| โ– | /oː/ | โหนด | /noːt/ | 'palmyra palm' | โ–ะ | /o/ | จก | /tɕok/ | 'mirror, glass' |
| –อ | /ɔː/ | เ–าะ | /ɔ/ | ||||||
The basic vowels can be combined into diphthongs. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:
| Long | Short | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Thai script | IPA | Thai script | IPA |
| –าย | /aːj/ | ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย, -ัย | /aj/ |
| –าว | /aːw/ | เ–า* | /aw/ |
| เ–ีย | /ia/ | เ–ียะ | /iaʔ/ |
| – | – | –ิว | /iw/ |
| –ัว | /ua/ | –ัวะ | /uaʔ/ |
| –ูย | /uːj/ | –ุย | /uj/ |
| เ–ว | /eːw/ | เ–็ว | /ew/ |
| แ–ว | /ɛːw/ | – | – |
| เ–ือ | /ɯa/ | เ–ือะ | /ɯaʔ/ |
| เ–ย | /ɤːj/ | – | – |
| –อย | /ɔːj/ | – | – |
| โ–ย | /oːj/ | – | – |
Additionally, there are three triphthongs. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:
| Thai script | IPA |
|---|---|
| เ–ียว* | /iaw/ |
| –วย* | /uaj/ |
| เ–ือย* | /ɯaj/ |
Differences from Central Thai
editAlthough of the major regional languages of Thailand, Southern Thai is most similar in lexicon and grammar to Central Thai, the varieties are sufficiently different that mutual intelligibility between the two can be problematic. Southern Thai presents a diglossic situation wherein registers range from the most formal (Standard Central Thai spoken with Southern Thai tones and accent) to the common vernacular (usually a contracted form of Thai expressions and with some amount of loan words from Malay). The Thai language was introduced with Siamese incursions into the Malay Peninsula possibly starting as early as the Sukhothai Kingdom. During this and successive kingdoms, the area in which Southern Thai is spoken was a frontier zone between Thai polities and the Malay Sultanates.[citation needed] Malay vocabulary has been absorbed into the lexicon, as a considerable number of Malay speakers lived in or near Patani polity and interacted with the Thai speakers through trade; and the Malay language was formerly considered to be a lingua franca of the southern part of the Malay peninsula.
Southern Thai is mainly a spoken language although the Thai alphabet is often used when it is written in informal situations.
The words used that are etymologically Thai are often spoken in a reduced and rapid manner, making comprehension by speakers of other varieties difficult. Also, as Southern Thai uses up to seven tones in certain provinces, the tonal distribution is different from other regional varieties of Thai. Additionally, Southern Thai speakers almost always preserve ร as /r/ in contrast to Northern Thai, the Lao-based Isan language, and informal registers of Central Thai where it is generally realized as /l/.
| Dambro | Siam | English |
|---|---|---|
| หร่อย [rɔj] |
อร่อย [ʔa.rɔ̀j] |
delicious |
| ม่าย [maːj] |
ไหม [mǎj] |
question particle |
| แหลง [lɛːŋ] |
พูด [pʰûːt] |
to speak |
| จังหู้ [tɕaŋ huː] |
มาก [mâːk] |
a lot |
| ดีปรี [diː.priː] |
พริก [pʰrík] |
chilli |
| หลุหละ [lu.laʔ] |
สกปรก [sòk ka.pròk] |
dirty |
| หยีบ [jiːp] |
ยี่สิบ [jîː sìp] |
twenty |
| บาย [baːj] |
สบาย [sa.bāːj] |
to be well |
| ยานัด [jaː nat] |
สับปะรด [sàp pa.rót] |
pineapple |
| นากา [naː kaː] |
นาฬิกา [nāː lí.kāː] |
clock |
| ขี้มัน [kʰiː man] |
ขี้เหนียว [kʰîː nǐaw] |
stingy |
| พรือ [pʰrɯː] |
อะไร [ʔa.rāj] |
what? |
| ยัง [jaŋ] |
มี [mīː] |
to have |
| แค [kʰɛː] |
ใกล้ [klâj] |
near |
| พี่บ่าว [pʰiː baːw] |
พี่ชาย [pʰîː tɕʰāːj] |
older brother |
| เกือก [kɯak] |
รองเท้า [rɔːŋ tʰáːw] |
shoe |
| ตอเช้า [tɔː tɕʰaːw] |
พรุ่งนี้ [pʰrûŋ níː] |
tomorrow |
| พร้าว [pʰraːw] |
มะพร้าว [ma.pʰráːw] |
coconut |
| หลาด [laːt] |
ตลาด [ta.làːt] |
market |
| ตู [tuː] |
ประตู [pra.tūː] |
door |
| แล [lɛː] |
ดู [duː] |
to see |
| นายหัว [naːj hua] |
หัวหน้า [hǔa.nâː] |
boss |
References
edit- ^ Southern Thai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; landforms a growing larger by the second Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand (PDF) (in English and Thai). United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Phonyarit, Ratchadaporn (2018). Tonal Geography of the Southern Thai Dialects. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- ^ Diller, Anthony (1979). Nguyen, Dang Liem (ed.). "How Many Tones For Southern Thai?". South-east Asian Linguistic Studies. 4. Pacific Linguistics, the Australian National University: 122.
Sources
edit- Bradley, David. (1992). "Southwestern Dai as a lingua franca." Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. Vol. II.I:13, pp. 780–781.
- Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISPN: 1573560197.
- Miyaoka, Osahito. (2007). The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926662-X.
- Taher, Mohamed. (1998). Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-261-0403-1.
- Yegar, Moshe. Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0356-3.
- Diller, A. Van Nostrand. (1976). Toward a Model of Southern Thai Diglossic Speech Variation. Cornell University Publishers.
- Li, Fang Kuei. (1977). A Handbook of Comparative Tai. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0540-2.