Spaceflight osteopenia refers to the characteristic bone loss that occurs during spaceflight. Astronauts lose an average of more than 1% bone mass per month spent in space.[1] There is concern that during long-duration flights, excessive bone loss and the associated increase in serum calcium ion levels will interfere with execution of mission tasks and result in irreversible skeletal damage.[2]
History
editBone loss has been observed during spaceflight since at least as early as Gemini in the 1960s. Although most early measurements of the amount of bone loss were not reliable, they did show bone loss in Gemini, Soyuz 9, Apollo, Skylab, Salyut 7, Mir, and the International Space Station.[3] William E. Thornton, an astronaut and physician, was one of the biggest proponents of exercise as a way of preventing bone loss.[4]
Cause
editBone remodels in response to stress in order to maintain constant strain energy per bone mass throughout.[5] To do this, it grows more dense in areas experiencing high stress, while resorbing density in areas experiencing low stress. On Mars, where gravity is about one-third that of earth, the gravitational forces acting on astronauts' bodies would be much lower, causing bones to decrease in mass and density.[6]
Average bone loss of 1–2% was recorded in astronauts on Mir each month.[2] This is in comparison to 1–1.5% bone loss in the elderly per year, and 2–3% in postmenopausal women.[7]
Countermeasures
edit
Since Gemini, exercise has been tried as a way of preventing bone loss, but it has not been shown to be successful. This may be in part due to lack of adequately designed studies (no controlled study had been done as of 2005, either in space or using bedrest as an attempt to simulate conditions which lead to bone loss). It is not known whether a different exercise regiment (perhaps including larger loads than past ones) would be effective.[4]
Bone is difficult to regain once it is lost. Data from immobilization studies and from patients with spinal cord injuries support this.[8] Spaceflight data suggest this as well.[9] This suggests that bone loss prevention over postflight bone recovery is an important factor in countermeasure success.
Increasing dietary calcium and vitamin D is a standard countermeasure for osteoporosis.[4] Clay is reportedly used by NASA for retaining calcium.[10]
A variety of drug remedies currently used or proposed for osteoporosis may work for spaceflight, including hormone therapy (estrogen or progestin), selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and others. Whether they can provide the same benefits for spaceflight as they do for osteoporosis is not yet known.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kelly, Scott (2017). Endurance: A Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. With Margaret Lazarus Dean. Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Penguin Random House. p. 174. ISBN 9781524731595.
If I don't exercise six days a week for at least a couple of hours a day, my bones will lose significant mass - 1 percent each month ... Our bodies are smart about getting rid of what's not needed, and my body has started to notice that my bones are not needed in zero gravity.
- ^ a b "Space Bones". NASA. October 1, 2001. Archived from the original on October 6, 2001. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ Dupzyk, Kevin (November 20, 2018). "What ISS Taught Us In the Past 20 Years". Popular Mechanics.
In space, astronauts lose bone density more quickly than they do on Earth. (In fact, all that extra calcium their bodies were flushing initially caused problems for the ISS's water purification system.)
- ^ a b c d Peter R. Cavanagh; Angelo A. Licata & Andrea J. Rice (June 2005), "Exercise and pharmacological countermeasures for bone loss during long-duration space flight", Gravitational and Space Biology, 18 (2): 39–58, PMID 16038092
- ^ Ali Marzban (January 1, 2008). "Different approaches of remodeling of bone to predict bone density distribution of proximal femur". Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
- ^ "Trip to Mars Will Challenge Bones, Muscles: Former Astronaut calls for More NASA Research on Exercise in Space". American College of Sports Medicine. April 12, 2006. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
- ^ "Lost in Space: Bone Density". NASA. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
- ^ Wilmet, E.; Ismail, A. A.; Heilporn, A.; Welraeds, D.; Bergmann, P. (November 1995). "Longitudinal study of the bone mineral content and of soft tissue composition after spinal cord section". Spinal Cord. 33 (11): 674–677. doi:10.1038/sc.1995.141. ISSN 1476-5624. PMID 8584304.
- ^ Long-Term Follow-Up of Skylab Bone Demineralization (Report).
- ^ Ubick, Suzanne; Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud, The Magazine of the California Academy of Sciences, Apr. 3, 2008