trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid (T-HCA), also known as γ-hydroxycrotonic acid (GHC), is an agent used in scientific research to study the GHB receptor.[1] It is an analogue of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as well as an active metabolite of GHB.[2][3][4] Similarly to GHB, T-HCA has been found to be endogenous to the rat central nervous system, and as a metabolite of GHB, is almost certain to be endogenous to humans as well.[3][5] T-HCA binds to the high-affinity GHB receptor with 4-fold greater affinity than GHB itself,[6] where it acts as an agonist,[1][7] but does not bind to the low-affinity GHB binding site, the GABAB receptor.[3][8] Because of this, T-HCA does not produce sedation. T-HCA has been shown to cause receptor activation-evoked increases in extracellular glutamate concentrations, notably in the hippocampus.[8]
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| Other names | trans-4-hydroxycrotonic acid |
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| Formula | C4H6O3 |
| Molar mass | 102.089 g·mol−1 |
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Tunnicliff G, Cash CD (2 September 2003). Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: Pharmacological and Functional Aspects. CRC Press. pp. 24, 104. ISBN 978-0-203-30099-2.
- ^ Quang LS, Desai MC, Kraner JC, Shannon MW, Woolf AD, Maher TJ (June 2002). "Enzyme and receptor antagonists for preventing toxicity from the gamma-hydroxybutyric acid precursor 1,4-butanediol in CD-1 mice". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 965 (1): 461–472. Bibcode:2002NYASA.965..461Q. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04187.x. PMID 12105121. S2CID 25644267.
- ^ a b c Bourguignon JJ, Schoenfelder A, Schmitt M, Wermuth CG, Hechler V, Charlier B, Maitre M (May 1988). "Analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Synthesis and binding studies". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 31 (5): 893–897. doi:10.1021/jm00400a001. PMID 3361576.
- ^ Maher TJ (24 January 2012). "Amino Acid Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System". In Lemke TL, Williams DA (eds.). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-1-60913-345-0.
- ^ Vayer P, Dessort D, Bourguignon JJ, Wermuth CG, Mandel P, Maitre M (July 1985). "Natural occurrence of trans-gamma hydroxycrotonic acid in rat brain". Biochemical Pharmacology. 34 (13): 2401–2404. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(85)90804-4. PMID 4015683.
- ^ Wellendorph P, Høg S, Greenwood JR, de Lichtenberg A, Nielsen B, Frølund B, et al. (October 2005). "Novel cyclic gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) analogs with high affinity and stereoselectivity of binding to GHB sites in rat brain". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 315 (1): 346–351. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.090472. PMID 16014570. S2CID 10332754.
- ^ Patrylo PR (27 May 2009). "Epilepsy and Seizure Susceptibility in the Aging Brain". In Schwartzkron PD (ed.). Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research. Academic Press. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-12-373961-2.
- ^ a b Castelli MP, Ferraro L, Mocci I, Carta F, Carai MA, Antonelli T, et al. (November 2003). "Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid". Journal of Neurochemistry. 87 (3): 722–732. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02037.x. PMID 14535954. S2CID 82175813.
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