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Tula, Russia

For other places with the same name, see Tula.
Not to be confused with Tuva.

Tula (Russian: Ту́ла, IPA: [ˈtulə]) is the largest city and the administrative center of Tula Oblast in Russia, located 193 kilometers (120 mi) south of Moscow. Tula is located in the northern Central Russian Upland on the banks of the Upa River, a tributary of the Oka. At the 2010 census, Tula had a population of 501,169, an increase from 481,216 in 2002, making it the 32nd-largest city in Russia by population.

Tula
Тула
City[1]
Up: Kremlin, Museum of Weapons, Assembly of the Nobility. Center: Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Down: Cathedral of the Dormition at Uspensky Convent, Monument to gingerbread on Lenin Square, Administrative and production building for gingerbread trade
Up: Kremlin, Museum of Weapons, Assembly of the Nobility. Center: Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Down: Cathedral of the Dormition at Uspensky Convent, Monument to gingerbread on Lenin Square, Administrative and production building for gingerbread trade
Flag of Tula
Flag
Coat of arms of Tula
Coat of arms
Location of Tula
Map
Tula is located in Tula Oblast
Tula
Tula
Location of Tula
Tula is located in European Russia
Tula
Tula
Tula (European Russia)
Tula is located in Europe
Tula
Tula
Tula (Europe)
Coordinates: 54°12′N 37°37′E / 54.200°N 37.617°E / 54.200; 37.617
CountryRussia
Federal subjectTula Oblast[1]
First mentioned1146[2]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[3]
 • Mayor[5]Olga Slyusareva[4]
Area
[6]
 • Total
153.52 km2 (59.27 sq mi)
Elevation
170 m (560 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[7]
 • Total
501,169
 • Estimate 
(2018)[8]
482,873 (−3.7%)
 • Rank37th in 2010
 • Density3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toTula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction[1]
 • Capital ofTula Oblast,[1] Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction[1]
 • Urban okrugTula Urban Okrug[9]
 • Capital ofTula Urban Okrug[9]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal code(s)[11]
300000–300999
Dialing code(s)+7 4872[12]
OKTMO ID70701000001
Websitewww.tula.ru
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1897115,000—    
1926150,331+30.7%
1939272,224+81.1%
1959315,639+15.9%
1970461,965+46.4%
1979514,008+11.3%
1989539,980+5.1%
2002481,216−10.9%
2010501,169+4.1%
2021473,622−5.5%
Source: Census data

A primarily industrial city, Tula was a fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. The city was seized by Ivan Bolotnikov in 1606 during the Time of Troubles and withstood a four-month siege by the Tsar's army. Historically, Tula has been a major centre for the manufacture of armaments. The Demidov family built the first armament factory in Russia in the city, in what would become the Tula Arms Plant, which still operates to this day.

Tula is home to the Klokovo air base, Tula State University, the Tula Kremlin, Tula State Museum of Weapons, and Kazanskaya Embankment. Tula has a historical association with the samovar, a metal container used to heat and boil water; the city was a major center of Russian samovar production. Yasnaya Polyana, the former home of the writer Leo Tolstoy, is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) southwest of Tula. Additionally, Tula is known for its imprinted gingerbread (pryanik),[13] which has been made in Tula since the 17th century.

Etymology

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The name of the city is likely pre-Russian, probably of Baltic origin.[14][15][16]

History

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Tula in 1807

Tula was first mentioned in the Nikon Chronicle (year 1146).[2][17]

In the Middle Ages, Tula was a minor fortress at the border of the Principality of Ryazan. As soon as it passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a brick citadel, or kremlin, was constructed in 1514–1521.[18] It was a key fortress of the Great Abatis Belt and successfully resisted a siege by the Tatars in 1552. In 1607, Ivan Bolotnikov and his supporters seized the citadel and withstood a four-months siege by the Tsar's army. In the 18th century, some parts of the kremlin walls were demolished. Despite its archaic appearance, the five-domed Assumption Cathedral in the kremlin was built as late as 1764.[citation needed]

In 1712, Tula was visited by Peter the Great, who commissioned the Demidov blacksmiths to build the first armament factory in Russia. Several decades later, Tula was turned by the Demidovs into the greatest ironworking center of Eastern Europe. The oldest museum in the city, showcasing the history of weapons, was inaugurated by the Demidovs in 1724, and Nicholas-Zaretsky Church in the city houses their family vault. The first factory to produce samovars industrially was also established there in the course of the 18th century. After the Demidovs moved the center of their manufacture to the Urals, Tula continued as a center of heavy industry, particularly in the manufacture of matériel.[citation needed]

In the 1890s, Ivan Savelyev, a medical orderly, became the founder of social democracy in Tula and set up a workers' study circle.[19]

During World War II, the city was important in the production of armaments. Tula became the target of a German offensive to break Soviet resistance in the Moscow area between 24 October and 5 December 1941. According to Erik Durschmied in The Weather Factor: How Nature has Changed History, one German general reached the southwestern outskirts of Tula on 29–30 October 1941. [20]

The heavily fortified city held out, however, and Guderian's Second Panzer Army was stopped near Tula. The city secured the southern flank during the Battle of Moscow and the subsequent counter-offensive. Tula was awarded the title Hero City in 1976. It is home to the Klokovo air base and the Tula Arms Plant.[citation needed]

Administrative and municipal status

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Tula serves as the administrative center of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the territories of Tula City Under Oblast Jurisdiction and of Leninsky District are incorporated as Tula Urban Okrug.[9][21]

Mayors

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  • Sergey Kazakov (1997–2005)
  • Vladimir Mogilnikov (2005–2010)
  • Alisa Tolkachyova (2010–2011)
  • Yevgeny Avilov (2011–2012)
  • Aleksandr Prokopuk (2012–2014)
  • Yuri Tskipuri (2014–2019)
  • Olga Slyusareva (2019–present time)

Economy

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For more than four centuries Tula has been known as a center of crafts and metalworking. Tula is a developed industrial center. Importance in the industrial structure of Tula are metallurgy, machinery and metal with a high share of the military-industrial complex and food manufacturing.[citation needed]

Armaments industry

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Other companies

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Culture

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Metallistov Street
 
City Day in Tula in 2023

A musical instrument, the Tula accordion, is named after the city, which is a center of manufacture for such instruments sold throughout Russia and the world. Tula is also renowned for traditional Russian pryanik, cookies made with honey and spices (see Tula pryanik). In the West, Tula is perhaps best known as the center of arms manufacturing, mainly by TT pistol, as well as samovar production: the Russian equivalent of "coals to Newcastle" is "You don't take a samovar to Tula". (The saying is falsely ascribed to the writer and playwright Anton Chekhov, whose made a satirical portrait of one of his characters saying "Taking your wife to Paris is the same as taking your own samovar to Tula".)

The most popular tourist attraction in Tula Oblast is Yasnaya Polyana, the home and burial place of the writer Leo Tolstoy. It is situated 14 kilometres (8+1⁄2 miles) southwest of the city. It was here that Tolstoy wrote his celebrated novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina. The largest public park in Tula is the P. Belousov Central Park of Culture and Recreation.

Education

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Tula is home to:

Transportation

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Since 1867, there has been a railway connection between Tula and Moscow.[24] Tula is a major railway junction with trains to Moscow, Oryol, Kursk and Kaluga. The Moscow to Simferopol M2 motorway runs past the city. City transport is provided by trams, trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas. Tula trams, trolleybuses, and bus routes are operated by "Tulgorelectrotrans" (Tula city electrotransport company). The Russian Air Force base Klokovo is located nearby.

Religion

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Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Tula

Most of Tula's churches are Russian Orthodox churches. Next in number are Catholics and Protestants. Other religions present in the city include Muslims, Jews, Hare Krishna, Buddhists and Taoists.

All Orthodox organizations in Tula and the Tula Oblast are under the Diocese of Tula and Yefremov. The oldest churches in Tula include the Saints' Cathedral (built from 1776-1800), the Annunciation Church (1692), and the Assumption Cathedral of the Tula Kremlin (1762-1764). The Shcheglovsky Monastery of Holy Mother of God is also located within the city, built in the mid-19th century and consecrated in 1860.[25] Old Believers' community services are performed in the church of St. John Chrysostom.

The only Roman Catholic church in Tula is the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Since the 1990s, several Protestant denominations have grown, the largest of which is a Baptist church with a prayer house in Tula. Representatives of other Protestant churches in Tula are Seventh-day Adventists, Presbyterians (Church of the Holy Trinity, The Glorious Jesus the Lord, the Good News), Pentecostals (Tula Christian Center, Church of the New Testament) and other evangelical churches (Word of Life, the Vine Gypsy Church).[citation needed]

The city also has a synagogue and the Jewish Community House.

Sports

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Vedenin Ski track in Tula

In Russian fist fighting, Tula was considered to have some of the most famous fighters.[26][27]

The city association football club, FC Arsenal Tula, played in the Russian Premier League in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017 seasons.

People

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Arts

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Public servants

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Sciences, technologies

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Sports

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Others

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Population

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Population size
1811[28] 1840[28] 1856[28] 1863[28] 1897[29] 1913[28] 1914[28] 1923[28] 1926[30] 1931[31] 1933[32] 1937[30]
52 100  51 700  50 600  56 700  115 000  138 900  139 700  123 300  150 331  191 200  199 500  239 122
1939[33] 1956[34] 1959[35] 1962[28] 1967[28] 1970[36] 1973[28] 1975[37] 1979[38] 1982[39] 1985[40] 1986[41]
 272 224  320 000  315 639  342 000  377 000  461 965  486 000  502 000  514 008  524 000  529 000  532 000
1987[42] 1989[43] 1990[44] 1991[41] 1992[41] 1993[41] 1994[41] 1995[40] 1996[40] 1997[45] 1998[40] 1999[46]
 538 000  539 980  540 000  544 000  541 000  539 000  535 000  529 000  525 000 525 000  516 000  513 100
2000[47] 2001[40] 2002[48] 2003[28] 2004[49] 2005[50] 2006[51] 2007[52] 2008[53] 2009[54] 2010[55] 2011[56]
 506 100  495 500  481 216  481 200  472 300  465 900  509 000  504 000  500 000  496 035  501 169  500 314
2012[57] 2013[58] 2014[59] 2015[60] 2016[61] 2017[62] 2018[63] 2019[64] 2020[65] 2021[66] 2023[67] 2024[68]
 499 511  493 813  490 508  487 841  485 930  485 221  482 873  479 105  475 161  473 622  466 609  461 692

Climate

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Tula has a humid continental climate,[69] featuring warm summers, and cold, but not particularly severe winters by Russian standards.

Climate data for Tula (1991–2020, extremes 1897–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.2
(102.6) 		30.2
(86.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		39.2
(102.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.1
(77.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		10.3
(50.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.9
(19.6) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		6.8
(44.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		17.2
(63.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		6.0
(42.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −9.7
(14.5) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		1.8
(35.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		1.8
(35.2)
Record low °C (°F) −42.0
(−43.6) 		−38.0
(−36.4) 		−32.2
(−26.0) 		−19.0
(−2.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−26.3
(−15.3) 		−37.0
(−34.6) 		−42.0
(−43.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.7) 		38
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		40
(1.6) 		48
(1.9) 		76
(3.0) 		77
(3.0) 		60
(2.4) 		57
(2.2) 		55
(2.2) 		41
(1.6) 		45
(1.8) 		615
(24.2)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 18
(7.1) 		29
(11) 		23
(9.1) 		2
(0.8) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		3
(1.2) 		10
(3.9) 		29
(11)
Average rainy days 5 5 6 12 13 16 15 13 13 15 12 6 131
Average snowy days 21 22 15 4 0.2 0 0 0 0.3 4 13 21 101
Average relative humidity (%) 85 82 76 67 64 70 72 74 78 82 86 86 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 37.2 72.8 142.6 207.0 285.2 279.0 294.5 279.0 180.0 93.0 36.0 31.0 1,937.3
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[70]
Source 2: Climatebase (sun, 1959–2011)[71]

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Tula is twinned with:[72]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Law #954-ZTO
  2. ^ a b Tokarev, Kirill (October 4, 2011). "Tula: Loved by Tolstoy, hated by Lenin". Russia & India Report. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
  3. ^ Official website of the Tula City Duma (in Russian)
  4. ^ "Мэром Тулы стала олимпийская чемпионка Ольга Слюсарева". September 27, 2019.
  5. ^ "Новым мэром Тулы стал Юрий Цкипури". September 29, 2014.
  6. ^ Генеральный план города Тулы
  7. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  8. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c Law #553-ZTO
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Почтовые индексы России
  12. ^ Деловой город: Телефонный код Тулы
  13. ^ "Gingerbread Tula | Tula, Russia Activities". Lonely Planet. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
  14. ^ Е. М. Поспелов. "Географические названия мира". Москва: Русские словари, 1998, pg. 423: "The earliest etymologies derived the place name from Russian dialectal tulá 'hidden, unreachable place'... The pre-Russian origin of the name of the river and town is no longer doubted [Maiorova 1985].... Since the name of the river Upa is certainly Baltic..., its tributary *Tula [the presumed earlier form of Tulitsa] may also be of Baltic origin, which is supported by a series of parallels in Lithuanian toponymy: the river Tule, the Tulis swamp, the Tulyte field, the meadow Tulejos, the valley Tulija, etc. [Vanagas, 1981]; the meaning of these toponyms is not entirely clear...."
  15. ^ "VedicTime: Тула".
  16. ^ "Тула-один из сакрально-потаённых центров на русской карте".
  17. ^ "Tula". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  18. ^ "Тула". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow.
  19. ^ Biggart, John (1989). Alexander Bogdanov, Left-Bolshevism and the Proletkult 1904–1932 (Ph.D.). University of East Anglia. OCLC 556500696.
  20. ^ Arcade Publishing, 2002; ISBN 1-55970-624-4
  21. ^ All rural localities included as a part of Tula Urban Okrug in Law #553-ZTO are listed as a part of Leninsky District in OKATO.
  22. ^ Тульская кондитерская фабрика «Ясная Поляна» [Tula confectionary factory "Yasnaya Polyana"] (in Russian). Объединённые кондитеры (United Confectioners). Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  23. ^ "ТГПУ им. Л.Н.Толстого :: Главная страница". Archived from the original on September 26, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
  24. ^ Train Station in Tula (in Russian)
  25. ^ Kamalakaran, A. (July 29, 2016). "4 Orthodox monasteries to visit near Moscow". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  26. ^ Русский кулачный бой: "Tula's fighters were always glorious, but every place had its heroes."
  27. ^ Сказания о русских народных играх "Tula's fighters were considered the best one on one."
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Тула". www.mojgorod.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  29. ^ "Города с численностью населения 100 тысяч и более человек".
  30. ^ a b "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1937 года: Общие итоги. Сборник документов и материалов / Сост. В.Б.Жиромская, Ю.А.Поляков. — М.: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2007. — 320 с.; ISBN 5-8243-0337-1".
  31. ^ "Административно-территориальное деление Союза ССР : [Районы и города СССР на 1931 год]. — Москва: Власть советов, 1931. — XXX, 311 с." (PDF).
  32. ^ "Административно-территориальное деление Союза ССР. На 15 июля 1934 года" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  34. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Численность городского населения СССР по городским поселениям и внутригородским районам. Дата обращения: 30 ноября 2013. Архивировано 24 декабря 2013 года" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  36. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  37. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник, 1998 год" (PDF).
  38. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  39. ^ "Народное хозяйство СССР 1922-1982 (Юбилейный статистический ежегодник)" (PDF).
  40. ^ a b c d e "Российский статистический ежегодник. Госкомстат, Москва, 2001" (PDF).
  41. ^ a b c d e "Российский статистический ежегодник. 1994" (PDF).
  42. ^ "Народное хозяйство СССР за 70 лет: Юбилейный стат. ежегодник / Госкомстат СССР. — М:Финансы и статистика, 1987. — 766 с." alcdata.narod.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
  43. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
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  45. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник. 1997 год" (PDF).
  46. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник. 1999 год" (PDF).
  47. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник. 2000 год" (PDF).
  48. ^ "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более".
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  50. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник, 2005 год".
  51. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник, 2006 год".
  52. ^ "Российский статистический ежегодник, 2007 год".
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  63. ^ "Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года".
  64. ^ "Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2019 года".
  65. ^ "Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2020 года".
  66. ^ "Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более. Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года".
  67. ^ "Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2023 года (с учётом итогов Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 г.)".
  68. ^ "Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2024 года".
  69. ^ "Tula, Russia Köppen Climate Classification". Weatherbase. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  70. ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Tula" (in Russian). Погода и климат. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  71. ^ "Tula Climate Normals". Climatebase. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  72. ^ "Города-побратимы". tula.ru (in Russian). Tula. Retrieved February 2, 2020.

Sources

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  • Тульская областная Дума. Закон №954-ЗТО от 27 декабря 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тульской области», в ред. Закона №2131-ЗТО от 11 июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Тульской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Тульской области" и Закон Тульской области "Об установлении границ административно-территориальных единиц – районов в городе Туле"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Тульской областной Думы", №11–12(142–143), часть 4, ноябрь–декабрь 2007 г.. (Tula Oblast Duma. Law #954-ZTO of December 27, 2007 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tula Oblast, as amended by the Law #2131-ZTO of June 11, 2014 On Amending the Law of Tula Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Tula Oblast" and the Law of Tula Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Administrative-Territorial Units–the Districts in the City of Tula". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication date.).
  • Тульская областная Дума. Закон №553-ЗТО от 11 марта 2005 г. «О переименовании "муниципального образования город Тула Тульской области", установлении границы муниципального образования город Тула и наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №2133-ЗТО от 11 июня 2014 г. «Об объединении муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Ленинского района Тульской области, с муниципальным образованием город Тула, о внесении изменений в Закон Тульской области "О переименовании "муниципального образования город Тула Тульской области", установлении границы муниципального образования город Тула и наделении его статусом городского округа" и признании утратившими силу отдельных законодательных актов (положений законодательных актов) Тульской области». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тульские известия", №66–69, 22 марта 2005 г. (Tula Oblast Duma. Law #553-ZTO of March 11, 2005 On Renaming "Municipal Formation of the City of Tula of Tula Oblast", Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation of the City of Tula, and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #2133-ZTO of June 11, 2014 On the Merger of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Leninsky District of Tula Oblast with the Municipal Formation of the City of Tula, on Amending the Law of Tula Oblast "On Renaming "Municipal Formation of the City of Tula of Tula Oblast", Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation of the City of Tula, and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status", and on Abrogating Various Legislative Acts (Clauses of Legislative Acts) of Tula Oblast. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication.).
  • Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 71», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 71, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).

Further reading

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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tula.

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