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Ulfilas

"Wulfila" redirects here. For the spider genus, see Wulfila (spider).

Ulfilas (Greek: Ουλφίλας; c. 311 – 383),[a] known also as Wulfila(s) or Urphilas,[5] was a 4th-century Gothic preacher of Cappadocian Greek descent. He was the apostle to the Gothic people.[5]

Ulfilas
𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰
Ulfilas Translates the Bible by Willhelm Lindenschmit, 1879
Bornc. 311
Roman Dacia
Died383(383-00-00) (aged 71–72)
Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
Known forOverseeing translation of the Bible into Gothic
TitleApostle of the Goths[1]
Confessor of the Faith

Ulfila served as a bishop and missionary, participated in the Arian controversy, and is credited with converting the Goths to Christianity[6] as well as overseeing translation of the Bible into the Gothic language.[7] For the purpose of the translation he developed the Gothic alphabet, largely based on the Greek alphabet, as well as Latin and Runic characters.[8] Although the translation of the text into Gothic has traditionally been ascribed to Ulfila, analysis of the text of the Gothic Bible indicates the involvement of a team of translators, possibly under his supervision.[9][10]

Life

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Ulfila is mentioned by the orthodox Catholics Socrates of Constantinople, Sozomen, and Theodoret, in addition to the Eunomian historian Philostorgius. He is also mentioned by the Gothic historian Jordanes, although the writer said comparatively little of him. The dominant and most important account of Ulfila's life comes from a 4th century letter from his pupil, Auxentius of Durostorum, who wrote it immediately after his death.[11] A summary by Photios I of Philostorgius' Ecclesiastical History is also significant, but references to Ulfila's life are generally scarce, and he was omitted from Jerome's De Viris Illustribus.[12]

Around the year 311,[b] Ulfila was born presumably in what is now modern Romania. He was partially descended from Roman prisoners who were captured in a raid by Goths at Sadagolthina and carried away from Asia Minor.[14] His ancestors were likely kidnapped by Western Goths in 264 or 267 then brought to an area near the Danube river.[15][c] Prisoners taken in such raids from Anatolia were usually unrepentant Christians, and Ulfila was raised as a Christian in a pagan society.[18] He lived in a diaspora community composed of Cappadocian Christians under the Thervingi between the Olt, Dniester, and Danube.[19] It is believed that he was Cappadocian Greek on his maternal line and of Gothic descent through his father.[16][d] Ulfila was either raised by Goths in his childhood as a captive or was born in captivity to Cappadocian parents.[21]

No sources exist concerning Ulfila's education.[6] However, he was a lector in a church in Gothia by age thirty, which required study of the Bible and prepared him as a translator. Since services were rendered in the Gothic language, he may have already had both the ability to translate and read. According to Philostorgius, he was sent by the Goths during the reign of Constantine I as an ambassador to the Roman Empire, where he was consecrated as the bishop of Gothia by the Arian Eusebius of Nicomedia.[22][e] The Romans saw Ulfila as pontifex ipseque primas (bishop and tribal leader); Constantius II supposedly described him as the era's Moses and he was additionally compared to the prophet Elijah. His first journey to Constantinople was made between 332 and 337 for the purpose of accompanying a Gothic delegation, and he possibly lived in the city for a time with Aoric.[16] His consecration took place in either 336 or 341.[24][f]

Bishop

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Ulfila would master both Greek and Latin during his life, and as bishop he wrote theological and exegetical treatises in both languages.[26] In 341, he returned to Gothia, spending the following seven years working to explain and confirm the doctrine of Arianism among existing adherents and the unconverted.[27] His pursuits were abruptly ended in 348, when a Thervingian iudex began the persecution of Christians in the area.[20] The exact catalyst of the persecution is unknown.[g] Ulfila and his followers were expelled and fled to the Roman provinces, where they were accepted by Constantius II. Ulfila then established himself in the mountains near Nicopolis in Moesia Inferior, with no evidence that he would ever return north of the Danube.[29] He had been the only religious and political leader of Christian Goths at the time of the expulsion,[20] after which he held the honorary title of confessor.[30] His followers were shepherds, and their descendants remained 200 years later in Nicopolis as a poor and docile community.[31]

For 33 years Ulfila continued to serve as bishop and attended church councils.[32] Little is known about his life in Moesia, but he resumed preaching and likely exercised the office of chorepiscopus (Greek: χώρα). Most of his theological works, including the translation of the Bible from Greek into Gothic, were likely to have been produced in this period.[30] He seemed to have remained the temporal and spiritual leader of the Christian Goths in Nicopolis, possibly exerting influence beyond the Roman frontier into Gothia as well.[33] He also engaged in theological debates and subscribed to Homoeanism, which became established at the 357 Council of Sirmium.[20]

Ulfila was present at the Council of Constantinople in 360, where he endorsed the council's creed and represented the Moesian Goths as their leader.[34] The Roman emperors during the tenure of his bishopric were generally sympathetic to Arianism, though the situation changed near the end of his life. In 380, Theodosius I issued a law against heresy, supported the First Council of Nicaea, and deposed the Arian Demophilus of Constantinople in favor of orthodoxy. The next year, he confiscated all church property belonging to heretics and banned all heterodox religious meetings. After the convocation of the Second Ecumenical Council, the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum were anathematized. Ulfila would journey with them to Constantinople upon being ordered by Theodosius to attend a disputation.[35] He likely traveled to the city in 383, although the emperor came to reject the Homoian position. Ulfila soon became ill, died, and was buried soon after, though not before drafting a creed affirming his belief in Homoianism.[36] He was succeeded as bishop by the Gotho-Phrygian Selenas.[37]

Translation of the Bible

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The traditional date for Ulfila's completion of religious texts for the Goths of Moesia is around 369.[38] Cassiodorus attests that he "invented the Gothic letters and translated the divine scriptures into that language".[38] Walafrid Strabo wrote that "(a team of) scholars translated the sacred books".[38] There is no primary evidence to support the traditional assumption that Ulfila translated the Bible into Gothic; the brief mentions of Ulfila as a translator in the works of ancient historians count only as circumstantial evidence.[9] Authoritative scholarly opinion, based on rigorous analysis of the linguistic properties of the Gothic text, holds that the Gothic Bible was authored by a group of translators.[10][7] This does not rule out the possibility that, while overseeing the translation of the Bible, Ulfila was one of several translators.[9]

Creed of Ulfila

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Ulfila explaining the Gospels to the Goths

The Creed of Ulfila concludes a letter praising him written by his foster son and pupil Auxentius of Durostorum. It distinguishes God the Father ("unbegotten") from God the Son ("only-begotten"), who was begotten before time and created the world, and the Holy Spirit, proceeding from the Father and the Son:

I, Ulfila, bishop and confessor, have always so believed, and in this, the one true faith, I make the journey to my Lord; I believe in one God the Father, the only unbegotten and invisible, and in his only-begotten son, our Lord and God, the designer and maker of all creation, having none other like him (so that one alone among all beings is God the Father, who is also the God of our God); and in one Holy Spirit, the illuminating and sanctifying power, as Christ said after his resurrection to his apostles: "And behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you; but tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem, until ye be clothed with power from on high" (Luke 24:49) and again "But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Ghost is come upon you" (Acts 1:8); being neither God (the Father) nor our God (Christ), but the minister of Christ... subject and obedient in all things to the Son; and the Son, subject and obedient in all things to God who is his Father... (whom) he ordained in the Holy Spirit through his Christ.[39]

Maximinus, a 5th-century Arian theologian, copied Auxentius's letter, among other works, into the margins of one copy of Ambrose's De Fide; there are some gaps in the surviving text.[40]

Honours

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also spelled Ulphilas and Orphila, all Latinized forms of the unattested Gothic form 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰 Wulfila, literally "Little Wolf".[2][3] There is no consensus among scholars as to what can be considered the correct form of Ulfila's name.[4]
  2. ^ Romanist Hagith Sivan of the University of Kansas alternatively puts Ulfila's birth c. 310.[13]
  3. ^ Historian Herwig Wolfram places the date of his ancestors' capture by Danubian Goths in 257.[16] Ulfila was born a third-generation Goth.[17]
  4. ^ According to German theologian Knut Schäferdiek [de], it is unsure whether Ulfila's mother was definitively from Cappadocia.[20]
  5. ^ Ulfila's rapid ascension to a bishop indicated some previous distinction he held, having never become a deacon or presbyter before assuming the position. Herwig Wolfram notes that "since Ulfila's episcopal commission was apparently valid not only for the Gothic gens but for all the 'Getic land,' he must have been recognized also by the non-Gothic peoples of the Gutthiuda, above all by the Romans".[23]
  6. ^ Most scholars associate Ulfila's consecration with the council at Antioch in 341. According to classicist Timothy Barnes, "[they] have explained Philostorgius' dating as due either to confusion of the names of Constantine and Constantius (in itself a very frequent phenomenon) or to a mistaken retrojection of later events".[25]
  7. ^ Herwig Wolfram speculates that the persecution took place "most likely after a war with the Romans".[28] Evidence from Libanius and Cyril of Jerusalem suggested a crisis of Roman–Gothic relations.[20] Academic Maurice Wiles writes that "to the Goths Ulfila's missionary activity is likely to have appeared as a form of Roman infiltration".[24]

See also

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Notes and references

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  1. ^ Parvis, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 49.
  2. ^ Bennett, William H. An Introduction to the Gothic Language, 1980, p. 23.
  3. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 76; Wiles 1996, p. 41.
  4. ^ Ebbinghaus 1991, p. 236.
  5. ^ a b Thompson 2008, p. vi.
  6. ^ a b Ratkus 2009, p. 38.
  7. ^ a b Klein, Jared S.; Ratkus, Artūras, eds. (2024). Studies in Gothic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xv. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198896692.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-889669-2.
  8. ^ Falluomini, Carla (2015). The gothic version of the Gospels and pauline Epistles: cultural background, transmission and character. Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 18–21. ISBN 978-3-11-033450-0.
  9. ^ a b c Ratkus, Artūras (2018). "Greek ἀρχιερεύς in Gothic translation: Linguistics and theology at a crossroads". NOWELE. 71 (1): 3–34. doi:10.1075/nowele.00002.rat.
  10. ^ a b Miller 2019, pp. 13–18.
  11. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xiii; Schäferdiek, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 45.
  12. ^ Barnes 1990, p. 541–542.
  13. ^ Sivan 1996, p. 373.
  14. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xiii-xiv; Wolfram 1988, p. 76.
  15. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 52.
  16. ^ a b c Wolfram 1988, p. 76.
  17. ^ Mathisen 1997, p. 672.
  18. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xiv.
  19. ^ Schäferdiek, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 45.
  20. ^ a b c d e Schäferdiek, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 46.
  21. ^ Kaylor & Philips 2012, p. 9.
  22. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xiv; Schäferdiek, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 46.
  23. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 77.
  24. ^ a b Wiles 1996, p. 41.
  25. ^ Barnes 1990, p. 542.
  26. ^ Kaylor & Philips 2012, p. 9; Wolfram 1988, p. 76.
  27. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xviii.
  28. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 79.
  29. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xviii–xix.
  30. ^ a b Wolfram 1988, p. 80.
  31. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xix; Wolfram 1988, p. 80.
  32. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xix.
  33. ^ Thompson 2008, p. 110–111.
  34. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 81.
  35. ^ Thompson 2008, p. xx–xxi; Ebbinghaus 1991, p. 237–238.
  36. ^ Schäferdiek, Berndt & Steinacher 2016, p. 47.
  37. ^ Wolfram 1988, p. 81; Thompson 2008, p. 116.
  38. ^ a b c Miller 2019, p. 8.
  39. ^ Heather & Matthews 1991, p. 143.
  40. ^ Heather & Matthews 1991, pp. 135–137.

Bibliography

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Preceded by Bishop of Gothia
sometime after 325 until his death 		Succeeded by
Selina
Alexander A. Vasiliev (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 37.
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